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With the formation of the common school, superintendents passed on the task of superivising the curriculum and instruction of teachers to the school's principal. (Boston, 1830, Temple School)
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Horace Mann Biography
The first Board of Education was established in 1837 in Massachusetts, where Horace Mann served as Secretary. He later developed Mann's Six Principles of Education. -
Supervision of Instruction
" European educators such as Friedrich Froebel, Johann Pestalozzi, and Johann Herbart, as well as American philosopher John Dewey, created a more scientific approach to evaluating teachers on student-centered and experienced-based learning. -
Bobbitt developed 11 principles of scientific management of schools
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Democratic supervision implied that teachers, curriculum specialists, and supervisors would collaborate in an effort to improve instruction.
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Created the first systematic system of recording classroom observastions with his stenographic reports.
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Educaional Leadership: 1978 Harvard Professor Morris L. Cogan discovered clinical supervision, a face-to-face approach to evaluating teachers. This approach involved educational coachcing, planning and a flexible, inquiry-based learning style.
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Supervision of InstructionRobert Goldhammer proposed a five-step approach to clinical supervision of curriculum and instruction including a pre-observation, a classroom observation, a supervisor's analysis, a post-observation conferences and an analysis of the post-observation conference.
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Madeline Hunter Biography Educator Madeline Hunter colonized the clinical supervision philosphy by creating a model for effective teaching that includes creating objectives for learning and evaluating student learning patterns.
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"The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics developed national standards for what every student should know and be able to do" (Sorenson, Goldsmith, & Mendez, 2011, "Chapter 1, Defining Cultural Leadership").
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Supervision of Instruction Thomas Sergiovanni and Robert Starratt suggested a supervisory system where supervisors cycle teachers with professional status through a three-to five-year period, during which they would receive a formal evaluation once and a variety of other evaluative processes during the other years.
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President George W. Bush passed the "No Child Left Behind" Act in an effort to raise student achievement.
