-
Programmed Instruction Movement
B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning theory was applied to the design of instructional materials. Instruction should have: 1.Small self-paced steps. 2. Responses receive immediate feedback.
The empirical approach was applied to evaluating instructional materials. Evaluation of materials include: 1. Collecting data on the usefulness. 2. Improvements identified. 3. Materials revised. -
Defining the Objectives of Instruction
Roger Mager defined the need for clear learning objectives to include: 1. The learning behaviors. 2. The conditions to perform the behaviors. 3. The standards to assess the behaviors.
The mastery of the objectives by the learner is used to evaluate instruction. -
Criterion Referenced Testing
Determining the entry level of how well a learner can perform a learning behavior and then assessing the same behavior after the delivery of instruction as a means to evaluate instruction. -
Domains of Learning
Robert Gagne described the following domains of learning: verbal, intellectual, psychomotor, attitudes,and cognitive domains and the instructional methods needed for the domains. These domains informed the need for identifying the subordinate skills for an instructional task analysis. -
Diversity in Instructional Design Models
Instructional design diversified its models to meet the needs of various areas such as business, military, schools, industry, organizations, and emerging graduate programs. Journal published specifically for instructional design practices. -
Computer Based Instruction
The integration of computers and technology in instructional design prompted design models highlighting those interactive capabilities. -
Expanded Scope of Instructional Design
Instructional designers identifying performance problems beyond the scope of instruction. Constructivist theory applied to create authentic leaning experiences. Emphasis towards electronic support material rather than training modules. -
Knowledge Management
Implementation of databases, intranets, and groupware allows for retrievable information for all persons in an organization. Collection, filtering, and dissemination of knowledge improved.
