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Muslim forces invaded and in seven years conquered the Iberian peninsula.
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Controlled almost all the Peninsula (but the not North)
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Rodrigo confronted them in the Battle of Guadalete, Cádiz
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Joined Tariq's army and advanced to conquered Toledo
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Battle of Covadonga, led by Pelayo defeated the Muslims
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Crossed the Pyrenees, but defeated at the Battle of Poitiers
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Expanded domains towards Galicia and began to occupy the northern Meseta
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Abderramán escaped from Damascus to Al-Andalus and name himself Independent Emir of the Caliphate
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Was formed, later Kingdom of Navarra
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Conquered Coimbra and Oporto
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Abderramán III named himself caliph
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Internal fights → Caliphate divided into small independent kingdoms called taifas
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To defend themselves against Muslims, they built castles → County of Castilla
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Almoravids and Almohads invaded the taifa kingdoms
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The vassalage of various French cities and counties had been obtained through arranged marriages
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Conquered Cáceres and Badajoz
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Conquered Tortosa and Lérida
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Conquered Cuenca
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The territorial expansion of the Crown of Aragón
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Defeated the Almohads at
the Battle of Navas de Tolosa -
Subdued the Muslim Kingdoms of Mallorca and Valencia
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During his reign, his son conquered Murcia and Alicante. Conquered the Valle del Guadalquivir (Jaén, Córdoba and
Sevilla) -
Conquered Cádiz, making the Kingdom of Granada the only
remaining Muslim state -
Fought Castilla for control of the Kingdom of Murcia.
Their permanent borders were eventually agreed. -
The armies of Castilla and Portugal formed an alliance and defeated them at the Battle of Salado
