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Systematic Training
When skilled workers left their professions to join the military, businesses needed to bring in unskilled workers to perform the tasks of their counterparts who joined the armed services; this is the first time that a systematic approach was evident (Estep, 2008, p. 15). -
American Society of Training Directors was formed
The American Society of Training Directors was initially formed in New Orleans, LA during a meeting of the American Petroleum Institute, and they held their first meeting of fifteen training directors in Baton Rouge on January 12, 1943 (Estep, 2008, p. 19). Image retrieved from https://www.td.org/about/our-history (n.d.). -
B.F. Skinner publishes "Science of Human Behavior"
B.F. Skinner introduced behaviorism and individualized instruction, which fulfilled a need for more effective and efficient training (Estep, 2008, p. 17). Image retrieved through Wikimedia Commons (n.d.). -
Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals
Benjamin Bloom presented this classification of educational objectives, which describes development of intellectual skills, physical use of motor skills, and how people emotionally handle learning (Estep, 2008, p. 18). Image retrieved through Wikimedia Commons (n.d.) -
Donald Kirkpatrick's Four Levels of Training Evaluation
This allows training to be evaluated based on participant surveys, how much they learned, how they applied the training (behavior), and the final results (how trainees put their new knowledge to use) (MindTools, n.d.). Image retrieved through https://www.flickr.com/photos/lauradahl/2997492524 (2008). (licensed for noncommercial reuse) -
Organizational Development (OD) - 1960s
Organizational Development, a discipline which emerged in the late 1960s, was defined by Richard Beckhard as being an approach that is managed from the top, planned, and designed to be utilized on an organization-wide basis through collaborative management of organizational culture (Stevens, 2019). -
Sociotechnical System Perspective (1970s)
According to Estep (2008), sociotechnical systems theory, how social factors (people) and technology interact, became popular in the 1970s. Image retrieved from https://pxhere.com/en/photo/932699 (2017). (licensed for noncommercial reuse) -
Adult Learning Theory (Andragogy)
Malcolm Knowles coined the term "andragogy" as adult learning theory to differentiate it from the way children learn (pedagogy) in his book, "The Adult Learner: A Neglected Species" (Estep, 2008, p.23-24). Image retrieved through https://www.flickr.com/photos/steve-illustrated/216654688 (2006). (licensed for noncommercial reuse) -
Popularization of Sensitivity Training - 1970s
Although sensitivity training was started in the 1940s and 1950s with experimental studies performed by Kurt Lewin (developer of the 3-stage model of change management), it came into vogue during the 1970s as an HR training method designed to raise individuals' awareness of group dynamics and their own behavior modification to align with those dynamics. Image retrieved through https://www.flickr.com/photos/twinx_doggies/31022700332 (2016). (licensed for noncommercial reuse) -
Competency-based training and Human Resource Development (HRD)
As Estep (2008) notes, U.S. productivity was on the decline and there was significant downsizing in the industry, leading to increased scrutiny on competency-based training and training programs, which culminated in the new discipline of Human Resources Development. Image retrieved from Paduch (talk), 2010. -
E-learning (1990s)
With the explosion of technology and availability of personal computers in the 1990s, e-learing began as a way to avoid classrooms, perform distance learning without the cumbersome nature of correspondence courses, and could be done from anywhere at any time at one's own pace (Estep, 2008, p. 26). Image retrieved from Wikimedia Commons -
Just-in-Time and social media training (2000-2019)
Just-in-Time training refers to learning that is done for a specific purpose to be used immediately (on demand). Social media learning refers to the use of social media tools (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, etc.) as learning and collaboration tools. Image retrieved from https://www.flickr.com/photos/mkhmarketing/8468788107 (2011). (image authorized for noncommercial use)
