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SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES
Important developments include the basic rules of geometry, the idea of a formal mathematical proof, and discoveries in number theory, mathematical analysis, and applied mathematics. The Greeks also developed the field of astronomy, which they treated as a branch of mathematics to a highly sophisticated level. -
INVENTION OF THE PIANO
The piano was invented by Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655-1731) of Italy. Cristofori was unsatisfied by the lack of control that musicians had over the volume level of the harpsichord. He is credited for switching out the plucking mechanism with a hammer to create the modern piano in around the year 1700. -
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ROCOCO ART
From roughly 1750 to 1820, artists, architects, and musicians moved away from the heavily ornamented styles of the Baroque and the Rococo and instead embraced a clean, uncluttered style they thought was reminiscent of Classical Greece. -
BEGINNING OF THE CLASSICAL PERIOD
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INDEPENDENCE
What is known today as the United States was made up of 13 colonies belonging to Great Britain; However, on July 4, 1776, representatives of those colonies signed the Declaration of Independence, a document recognizing the United States as an independent nation. -
INVENTION OF THE ALARM CLOCK
The first American alarm clock was created in 1787 by Levi Hutchins in Concord, New Hampshire. This device he made only for himself, however, and it only rang at 4 am, in order to wake him for his job. The French inventor Antoine Redier was the first to patent an adjustable mechanical alarm clock, in 1847. -
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FRENCH REVOLUTION
The French Revolution and its aftermath had profound social and political ramifications across Europe. It challenged established hierarchies, leading to the decline of aristocratic patronage and the rise of nationalism, democracy, and revolutionary fervor. -
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NAPOLEONIC WARS
The Napoleonic Wars disrupted life in Europe, affecting economies, politics, and cultural activities. Many composers, including Beethoven, lived through this turbulent period, and their music often reflects the political and social upheaval of the time. -
FRENCH INVASION II
In May 1808, the French invasion of Spanish territory led to the imposition, by Napoleon Bonaparte, of a replacement for the Spanish King Ferdinand VII, who had to abdicate, leaving the royal seat in the hands of his brother Joseph Bonaparte. -
END OF THE CLASSICAL PERIOD
