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41st Congress - From March 4, 1869, to March 4, 1871
42nd Congress - From March 4, 1871, to March 4, 1873
First times congress consisted of colored representatives
Senator Hiram Revels of Mississippi, Representatives Benjamin Turner of Alabama, Robert DeLarge of South Carolina, Josiah Walls of Florida, Jefferson Long of Georgia, Joseph Rainey, and Robert B. Elliot of South Carolina. -
Wilkins was born in St. Louis, Missouri, and grew up in St. Paul, Minnesota. He graduated from the University of Minnesota with a degree in sociology in 1923. Between 1931 and 1934 he was assistant NAACP secretary to Walter Francis White. Once W.E.B. Du Bois left he took the role of editor of Crisis. n 1950 he, along with A. Philip Randolph, and Arnold Aronson founded the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights. In 1955, he was named executive secretary, later executive director, of the NAACP. -
Wilkins was born in St. Louis, Missouri, and grew up in St. Paul, Minnesota. He graduated from the University of Minnesota with a degree in sociology in 1923. Between 1931 and 1934 he was assistant NAACP secretary to Walter Francis White. Once W.E.B. Du Bois left he took the role of editor of Crisis. n 1950 he, along with A. Philip Randolph, and Arnold Aronson founded the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights. In 1955, he was named executive secretary, later executive director, of the NAACP.
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Rosa Parks was a Civil Rights Activist that was most well known for her role in the Montgomery bus boycott. She had refused to give up her seat to a white man on a Montgomery bus, her actions inspired the leaders of the local Black community to organize the Montgomery Boycott. She was also arrested but was later released on bail on the evening of her arrest. She was born on February 4, 1913, in Tuskegee, Alabama, and died on October 24, 2005. She was buried in the Woodlawn Cemetery in Detroit. -
Rosa Parks was a Civil Rights Activist that was most well known for her role in the Montgomery bus boycott. She had refused to give up her seat to a white man on a Montgomery bus, her actions inspired the leaders of the local Black community to organize the Montgomery Boycott. She was also arrested but was later released on bail on the evening of her arrest. She was born on February 4, 1913, in Tuskegee, Alabama, and died on October 24, 2005. She was buried in the Woodlawn Cemetery in Detroit.
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James Farmer was born in Marshall, Texas in 1920. He was educated at Wiley College, Marshall, and Howard University, Washington D.C. Based on religious grounds Farmer was a conscientious objector and received a military deferral in WWII. During this time he joined FOR. In 1942 he co-founded CORE. Through CORE came the Freedom Rides, challenging efforts to block the desegregation of interstate busing. Farmer believed in racial justice by nonviolent means but was often a target of racial violence.
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James Farmer was born in Marshall, Texas in 1920. He was educated at Wiley College, Marshall, and Howard University, Washington D.C. Based on religious grounds Farmer was a conscientious objector and received a military deferral in WWII. During this time he joined FOR. In 1942 he co-founded CORE. Through CORE came the Freedom Rides, challenging efforts to block the desegregation of interstate busing. Farmer believed in racial justice by nonviolent means but was often a target of racial violence.
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The Brown vs. Board of Education was a Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. It helped establish the precedent that “separate-but-equal” education and other services were not, in fact, equal at all. The court case occurred on the given date, -
The highest proportion of African American soldiers to serve in a war was during the Vietnam War. This marked a change from the attitude many had held previously this being that African Americans weren't fit for war
African-Americans also faced a greater chance of being on the front line during the Vietnam War.
Following Vietnam, African Americans accounted for nearly 25% of all enlisted soldiers even though they made up only around 13% of the U.S.' population -
The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a protest during which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama. This was done to protest segregated seating, where African Americans were forced to sit at the back of the bus. It was also one of them, if not the, first large-scale U.S. demonstrations against segregation, changing how people chose to protest in the civil rights movement. -
The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a protest during which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama. This was done to protest segregated seating, where African Americans were forced to sit at the back of the bus. It was also one of them, if not the, first large-scale U.S. demonstrations against segregation, changing how people chose to protest in the civil rights movement.
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The Civil Rights Act of 1957 was the first federal civil rights legislation passed by the United States Congress since the Civil Rights Act of 1875. The proposal was made by President Eisenhower and it authorized the prosecution for those who didn’t allow people their right to vote for United States citizens. It also allowed a federal Civil Rights Commission to investigate discriminatory conditions and recommend measures in which this behavior could be corrected. -
Greensboro four staged the first sit-in at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina
By February 5 around 300 students had joined the protest at Woolworth's and by the end of March the movement had spread to 55 cities in 13 states
The success of the movement prompted dining facilities across the South to integrate throughout the summer of 1960
At the end of July Woolworth's integrated its lunch counter - four African American employees were the first to be served -
The Freedom Riders were a group of civil rights activists who rode buses to the Southern States in order to challenge the non-enforcement of the United States Supreme Court decisions that came from cases like Morgan vs Virginia and Boynton vs Virginia, where cases ruled that segregated public buses were unconstitutional. It started on May 4, 1961, and ended on December 10, 1961, where the Interstate Commerce Commission issued regulations prohibiting segregation in interstate transit terminals.
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In 1963 Richard and Mildred Loving, with help from the ACLU, appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court after their marriage was deemed illegal by Virginia's state law. This was because Richard was white whilst Mildred was black, breaking the anti-miscegenation law in the state. Originally, in 1958, the pair was forced to move to a different state and not return for 25 years. After the legal battle, the Lovings won, and the Supreme Court ruled that anti-miscegenation statutes were unconstitutional.
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The March of Washington was a large-scale protest that happened on August 28, 1963. The reason behind the march was to advocate for the civil and economic rights of African Americans, aiming to draw attention to the challenges and inequalities faced by African Americans even after they were given their freedom. This was also where Martin Luther King Jr had his iconic “I Have a Dream” speech. -
The law has been renewed by congress four times - 1970, 1975, 1982, and 2006
The Court ruled that the first district in North Carolina that elected an African American to Congress did it in a way that violated white voter's rights in 1993
Section 5 of the act allowed the federal government to oversee election practices in states where voting rights were/are at risk.
- severely weakened in 2003 when the Court released 9 states from federal supervision (7 of the states being from the South) -
Bloody Sunday came from a march of 600, led by John Lewis and Hosea Williams, across the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama. The marchers were met by a wall of state troopers, deputies of county sheriff Jim Clark, and dozens of spectators watching with confederate flags on the opposing side of the bridge. The marchers were told to leave by the mayor but refused and stood their ground. This prompted the troopers to tear gas and hit them with billy clubs. The protestors never fought back. -
The Black Panther Party was a political organization formed to challenge police brutality. Huey Newton and Bobby Seale founded the organization after the assassination of Malcolm X and the death of Matthew Johnson. The Panthers organized armed citizen patrols in black communities. At its peak, the organization had around 2,000 members. However, the Black Panther Party quickly declined because of internal tension, shootouts, and FBI activities that aimed to weaken the organization.
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The Fair Housing Act was formed to prohibit discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, or sex. The bill was meant to be a follow-up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and began as a bill to expand upon the protection of civil rights workers. It was proposed by the NAACP, the G.I. Forum, and the National Committee Against Discrimination in Housing. The bill was quickly passed by the house but had been heatedly debated in the senate. -
In the 80s and 90s, black characters were redefined on mainstream television in the U.S. Now black characters that were family-oriented, educated, and upwardly mobile were not lacking; in both fiction and reality.
The Cosby Show and The Oprah Winfrey Show, now one of the highest-rated T.V. shows, are examples of how the image of black characters and people was changed.
In 1980 Robert L. Johnson founded Black Entertainment Television, which he later sold for around $3 billion to Viacom. -
The term Affirmative Action was used to refer to policies and initiatives that aimed to compensate for past discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The term was first used in 1961 by President JFK and by the mid- 1970s, many businesses and schools were seeking to increase minority presence. One such school was The University of California at Davis, which designated %16 of its medical admission spots to minority applicants. -
Even with all of the events that occurred during the Civil Rights Movement integration is still an issue. Yes, it has decreased but it is still seen.
However, today segregation is seen more so because of poverty and who it affects the most. Poverty leads to segregation because those who are in the "lower class" are mostly non-whites. Many African American and other non-white households live off very little and therefore often live in the same neighborhoods and are educated in the same schools. -
The views and statements made by Martin Luther King Jr, and other leaders of the Civil Rights Movement during the 1960s, have affected the actions made for those in the movement all the way up till today. Martin Luther King Jr himself, strived for the civil rights movement to be focused on nonviolent protests. This viewpoint was something that he had since he was young, given the fact that he led the Montgomery Bus Boycott when he was only 26, leading many others to hold the same views.
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Rise of the African American women's movement - Combination of the Civil Rights movement and the Feminist movement
Chisholm was the first African American Woman in Congress - elected in 1968 for the Brooklyn district House.
She was the first major African American candidate and the first female candidate for president of the U.S. - Even though she lost the primary to George McGovern, who later lost the presidency to Nixon, she received more than 150 votes at the Democratic National Convention. -
Barack Obama became the first African American to hold the presidential office, being inaugurated on January 20, 2009.
He had started his political career in Illinois in 2007 when he became the third African American elected to the senate post-reconstruction. In 2008 he announced his candidacy for the Democratic presidential nomination. His message throughout his campaign inspired many young and black voters to cast their vote first time. He was later reelected in 2012. -
Black Lives Matter is a formal organization that has also become a movement - The Civil Rights Movement was always a movement and had many organizations helping it in different ways (NAACP, Black Panthers, etc.)
BLM started when George Zimmerman was acquitted after shooting and killing Trayvon Martin (an acquittal) - The Civil Rights movement started because of Rosa Parks' arrest (an arrest)
BLM's focus is on white supremacy and police brutality - The Civil Rights Movement's was racial equality
