Syrian Revolution

[N] Syria Independence

Apr 1, 1946

-Very unstable period in Syria
-Syria finally gains its independence from France
-Syria elects its first president.
-President is overthrown by a CIA led coup, which is overthrown by another coup, which is overthrown by another coup.
-Around 8 different coups occurred until the Arab Socialist Ba’ath party (Todays leading political party)
-After the Ba’ath part took part another 2 coups took place until Hafez Al Assad succeeded in a coup and became president

Syrian Independence

Period: Apr 27, 1946 to Jan 1, 1969

One Event-Nassim

[N] 1970's Hafez Al Assad

Mar 12, 1971

• Hafez Al Assad Quickly gained popularity among the Syrian people for many reasons:

-Brought Stability to Syria
-Modernizes the country.
-Free Health Care and Education
-Ended all sectarian strife.

1970's Hafez Al Assad

Period: Mar 12, 1971 to Nov 27, 1979

One event -Nassim

Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood

Period: Jan 1, 1979 to Jan 1, 1982

Three Events-Nassim

[N] 1979-1982 Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood

Jun 1, 1979

-1979-1982 Unstable period in Syria
-Muslim Brotherhood was seen as a terrorist organisation by the Syrian government and was responsible for attacks across Syria
-June 1979 terrorists linked to the Muslim brotherhood massacred 82 people in an attack in Allepo
-1980 attempt to Assassinate Hafez Al Assad

[N] Hama Massacre

Jun 1, 1980

-Uprising led by the Muslim Brotherhood in Hama
-Islamist attacked and killed government officials and member of the army
-Syria Army retaliates
-3 weeks of fighting left between 7000-25000 death

[N] End of the insurgency

Jan 1, 1982

-Muslim Brotherhood was no longer present in Syria.
-Hafez Al Assad view on the events it entirely by saying it was the necessary price to end years and years of Muslim Brotherhood terrorism.

[N] 2000 New President in Syria

Jul 17, 1983

-Death of Hafez Al Assad.
-Bashar Al Assad became president-Bashar Al Assad brought many reformed many things in Syria:1)Introduced Internet, -Damascus Spring: Bashar freed many political prisonersSeen as a modernizer by the Syrian people

[N] 2011 Uprising

Nov 29, 1984

-Arab Spring
-People protested peacefully
-Reasons why the armed insurgency occurred differs:
-Opposition: The army tries suppressing the people when protesting
-Government: Islamist were firing at army checkpoints.

[E] Desire for Civil Society

Jan 1, 1987

• Perhaps encouraged / spurred by events in neighbouring countries during the Arab Spring

[E] Syrian National Council

Jan 3, 1988

• Political umbrella organization
• Aim of overthrowing the regime
• Bring together
• Peace & FSA

[E] Language

Sep 5, 1989

• Defamation and use of derogatory terms
• Music Video
• State shut down of means of communication for FSA
• Violence is the death of language

-The way language is used, prohibited, and the absence of discourse prohibits civil society

[E] Free Syrian Army emerged

Jul 29, 1994

-Who are them?
-Peaceful?

The enemies of civil society

Period: Jul 15, 2000 to Dec 5, 2011

-Despotism
-Essential Culturalist Ideals
-Totalizing Ideologies

[A]Habermas on civil society

Jul 29, 2001

-The public sphere encourages rational will-formation; a sphere of rational and democratic social interaction.
-Links to Al-Nusra; an extremist group linked to Al-Queda

[A]Despotism

May 29, 2003

Two young brothers have been dragged into the war in the Sheikh Saeed neighbourhood of Aleppo by the Free Syrian Army.

[A]Essentialist cultural ideals

Nov 29, 2004

-Born into hierarchal groups that determine our fate – doesn’t allow individuals to choose.
-E.g. killing Kurds, and Allawitees because they do not fit within the hierarchical groups determined by the FSA

[A] Totalizing ideologies

Nov 29, 2008

-Putting the interests of the “Ummah” over any other group.