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-it was the rebirth of the arts and sciences from the antiquity
-emphasized humanism - an intellectual and cultural movement that explored interests and values through science, art, and vocal music
-encouraged individuality and human reasoning -
-Split in the church because of the Protestant Reformation caused music to split between religions as well
-Musicians were forced to compose for whichever religion the ruler of their country practiced
-Growth in music because of the overall economic growth of countries
-Humanism and focus on the individual made music more personal and emotional
-Music began to revolve around characters
-Printing music became more available and accessible -
-Composed by Josquin des Prez in 1500
-Polyphony is four voices of equal importance
-Used Motets
-Used Chansons are secular polyphonic songs, often with French texts.
-Ternary form (ABA)
-Word painting is when you illustrate words and phrases through music that reflects its meaning
-This is when you project the meaning of the text -
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-Composed by Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina in 1555
-Catholic composer
-Worked in the Vatican and elsewhere
-Establish polyphony in the church
-Uses elided cadences it uses some voices cadence while other voices continue -
-The greatest English composer of all time
-Composed by William Byrd in 1590
- From the Book of Psalms
-A Capella - sung without instrumental accompaniment
-Imitative counterpoint is when one voice introduces a new theme and is imitated by other voices that enter in succession. -
-Italian opera composed by Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643) in 1607
-Usually performed for royal courts in small spaces for a small audience
-Focus on understanding and projecting of text and drama
-Homophony - melody performed with supporting accompaniment
-Basso continuo - a small ensemble that accompanies the singer with bassline and harmonies
-Recitative - between lyrical song and speech
-polyphonic texture -
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-The era of extravagant and bizarre music and art
-Age of energy and emotion, ornamentation, extremes, and contrast
-Affect is an expression of one emotion
-The emergence of new and more complex musical ideas:
Opera - drama was sung from beginning to end
-Virtuoso singers and instrumentalists were very popular
-Homophony is one voice of more importance
-Dissonance was used more -
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-English opera composed by Henry Purcell in 1689
Based on Roman myth:
-Dido and Aeneas fall in love, but the gods order Aeneas to leave, and Dido soon dies
-Utilized many common aspects of opera
Overture is a purely instrumental opening movement that introduces a longer work
Aria is a lyrical movement or piece for solo voice
Ostinato is a short pattern of notes repeated over and over
Ground bass is an ostinato in the bass part -
-Composed by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1720
-Features trumpet, oboe, violin, and recorder with string orchestra
-Fugue - central theme is introduced and then imitated by subsequent voices; famously associated with Bach
-Fugal exposition - exposes the theme in each of the solo instruments in turn
-Episode - subject does not appear at all – where all instruments play
-Terraced dynamics - jumps in dynamics with no transition -
Composed by George Frideric Handel in 1747
Oratorio - musical work similar to an opera but not staged and usually on a sacred topic
Used as a replacement for opera around religious holidays
One of the most famous and well-known works ever written
Especially the Hallelujah Chorus -
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-Composed by Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) in 1797
-Known as the father of classical music
-String quartet is two violins, a viola, a cello
-Melody comes from a birthday song for the Holy Roman Emperor
-Eventually becomes the unofficial national anthem for Germany/Austria
Theme and variations form - the theme is presented and then altered in some way in a succession of individual variations -
-Composed by William Billings in 1770
-The unofficial anthem of the American Revolution
-Periodic phrase structure - musical structure in which antecedent and consequent phrase units make up a larger whole
-Follows conventions of the hymn: four voices move in the same rhythm -
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-Enlightenment is an age of splendor and freeing humanity from dark superstitions
-More science, less drama, more critical thinking
-Focus on more realistic and everyday themes in music
-Opera buffa is a comic opera very similar to an opera seria but with plots revolving around believable, everyday characters
-National independence and democracy became important
-National revolutions were occurring (America and France)
-Public concerts and theater events were increasingly common -
-Reflected social and political movements of the time
-More tuneful, less complicated
-Natural and spontaneous while still observing counterpoint
-More homophony and less polyphony
-Important musical forms and creations emerged
Sonata form
-String quartet
-Opera was the most popular music of the time -
-Composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) in 1786
-Piano prodigy
-Double-exposition concerto form is a structure based on sonata form but with two expositions, one for orchestra alone and one for the soloist and orchestra together
-Cadenza in a concerto, elaborate improvisation by a soloist on themes heard earlier in movement with no orchestral accompaniment -
-Composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) in 1786
-Opera buffa
-The plot surrounds the crazy love lives of a Count, Countess, and various other characters
-Similar to rondo form -
-Composed by Ludwig van Beethoven in 1808
-He lost his hearing mid-way through his career
-An extremely well-known theme and is repeated and varied throughout the piece -
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-Pianos started to become common household items
-Nationalism- composers wrote in characteristic rhythmic and melodic elements and language of a group of people
-Transportation allowed musicians to easily travel and share music
1804:
-Composers worked to find the original sound that made them unique -
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-Composed by Frédéric Chopin in the 1830s
-French and Polish composer
-Polish folk dance
-Character piece - relatively short works that capture a particular mood -
-Composed by Richard Wagner in 1856
-Progressive composer musically, socially, and politically
-Based on Norse mythology
-He tended to make his vocal writing more syllabic -
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-Composed by Johannes Brahms in 1885
-Under a great deal of pressure to be a great composer
-Able to convey many emotions through the piece
-Ternary form -
-Began career at the forefront of Neoclassicism - revival of classical style
-Career became more modern and used 12-tone scale
-Commissioned for the Russian Ballet
-Polytonal - the juxtaposition of two conventional harmonies in a way that creates new dissonance
-Uses the pentatonic scale -
-Referred to as the greatest American jazz composer
-The style evolved from other styles of music
-Uses syncopation and swing rhythms
-Rhythm changes pattern
-Circle of fifths progression
-The downward-moving chromatic bass line
Sequence
-Call-and-Response pattern -
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-Gave listener options as to genres of music (classical, ragtime, jazz, etc.)
-Incredibly surprising ways of expressing the music that shocked the public
-People are now able to listen to whatever type of music they want whenever they want
-Music with roots in African American culture helped to bridge the divide between whites and blacks
-Easy communication and transportation allowed composers to draw inspiration from different part of the world -
-The first great composer of the 20th Century
-Associated with impressionism and pushing the boundaries of music
-The ambiguity of the meaning of the piece left it up to the audience to interpret
-Uses fragments of themes throughout without ever sounding like a true melody
-Little sense of fixed meter
-Uses a whole-tone scale where all notes are of equal importance -
-20 pieces for "prepared piano"
-Periodic phrase structure
-Binary form -
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-Musical - spoken drama with a significant amount of singing
-Tells a modern tale of Romeo and Juliet
-Two fighting gangs and a man and woman from opposite gangs fall in love -
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-Helped generate the genre of rock n' roll
-Shuffle groove - mid-tempo rhythmic pattern, typically in quadruple meter subdivided into three pulses -
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-Written to be choreographed and performed
-Uses a traditional fiddle
-Rondo form -
Composed by John Williams (1932-present) in 1977
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-Composed by Prince (1958-2016) in 1987
