-
Period: to
Gabriel Faure
French composer
Undisguised avant-garde -
Period: to
John Phillip Sousa
Promoted American wind-band tradition while in Europe
Bandmaster
Wrote "The Washington Post," "Semper Fidelis," "Stars and Stripes Forever," "El Captan," and at least 9 operettas
Conducted "The President's Own" Marine band -
Period: to
Erik Satie
French composer
Undisguised avant-garde -
Period: to
Arnold Schoenburg
Austrian composer
Expressionist -
Period: to
Charles Ives
American Aleatoric composer
Used tone clusters
His father shaped his musical style
-made him harmonize pieces of music with a different key
-played on instruments that used quarter tones
-played 2 meters at once
Most of his works were not known until the 70s
His 3rd symphony won a Pulitzer Prize but 4th symphony was not performed until after his death
Style traits
-Polytonality
-Polyrhythms and polymeters
-limited atonality -
Period: to
Arthur Honegger
Member of Les Six
Only member that was born in Sweden
Composed most of his works on commission -
Period: to
Igor Stravinsky
Russian composer
Wrote the music for "Rite of Spring" -
Period: to
Edgard Varese
English composer who had a vision of musical timbres and modern orchestration techniques, which occasionally excluded the use of strings
Non-tonal composer -
Period: to
Florence Price
First Black female composer to have a symphony performed by an American orchestra: "Symphony No.1 in Em
Played her first piano recital at age 4
Graduated high school at 14 and was valedictorian
Attended New England Conservatory of Music
Began composing in 1910 and taught piano lessons -
Period: to
Nadia Boulanger
French Composer but preferred to help composers (taught them)
Her little sister, Lili, was also a composer, and after Lili died, Nadia was felt the need to become a teacher -
Period: to
Luigi Russolo
Italian futurist painter, composer, and builder of experimental instruments
"Art of Noises" -
Period: to
Louis Durey
Member of Les Six
Wrote songs for the French resistance during World War II -
Period: to
Sergei Prokofiev
Russian composer
Wrote orchestral pieces and piano for film
7 symphonies, suites, incidental music, 5 piano concertos, 1 cello concerto, operas, ballets, choral music, film scores among many other things -
Period: to
Germaine Tailleferre
member of Les Six -
Period: to
Darius Milhaud
Member of Les Six
Rejected impressionism
American jazz had some influence on his work -
Period: to
Robert Nathaniel Deft
Canadian pianist that graduated from Oberlin and the Eastman School of Music
Studied with Natalie Boulanger
"Cave of the Winds March and Two Step" -
Period: to
William Grant Still
1st black American composer to
-have a symphony and opera performed by a major ensemble
-conduct a major symphony orchestra
Studied music at the New England Conservatory and Oberlin Conservatory
Arranged music for jazz bands and dance orchestras
Composed and arranged music for films for the stage and concert hall
Created a style that blended African American idioms into more European genres -
Period: to
Henry Cowell
American Aleatoric composer
Used tone clusters
John Cage's teacher
American innovator who was drawn to non-Western music
Supported Charles Ives
Invented chance music
Invented new techniques for playing the piano
Coined the term "tone cluster"
Groups of adjacent notes that were sounded with fist, palm, or forearm (highly dissonant)
Wrote "Tides of Manaunaun" in 1912 -
Period: to
Francis Poulenc
Member of Les Six
Self taught but had musical tutors -
Period: to
Georges Auric
Member of Les Six
Neo-classist
Ran SACEM
Music journalist -
Period: to
Undisguised avant-garde
Composers Erik Satie (1866-1925) and Gabriel Faure (1845-1924) were not very fond of the Wagnerian style, and they attempted to step out of the Romantic aestheticism. Artist Marcel Duchamp's (1887-1968) presentation of a sculptural urinal, "Fountain" was a huge expression against Romanticism. -
Period: to
Aaron Copeland
American composer
2 operas, 6 ballets, 8 film scores, 25 piano works, 3 symphonies, concertos, overtures, and fanfares, 12 choral works, and 20 songs
Style was mostly tonal but wrote atonal music that wasn't popular
Style traits were vigorous, mixed meters (rhythmic), comprised of as few notes as possible, solos (often exposed), transparent, and filled with folk songs and idioms -
Unanswered Question
Orchestral work (no genre)
Not published until 1940
Both parts are performed separately
Written by Charles Ives
Composed for strings, solo trumpet, and wind quartet -
Period: to
Elliott Carter
American composer or 50 years and influential teacher -
Period: to
Neo-classicism
Return to the 19th century
Used similar forms, textures, and topics from the past to combine them with the then modern harmonies, tonality, and timbres
-some of the new musical elements were polyrhythms and polytonalities, which resulted in a lot of complex music
-melodies were not main focus of compositions
-new conceptions of harmonies included polychords, polytonalities, and atonalities
A popular neo-classist was Igor Stravinsky
-used complex rhythms
-used sharp dissonance -
Period: to
Primitivism
Western visual art movement, which borrowed non-Western subjects (often naive and folklike); a sensible attitude that informed diverse aspects of modern art
Popular composers
-Paul Ganguin (1848-1903)
-Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971): "Rite of Spring" uses vigorous, repetitive ostinatos that demonstrated musical aspects of this movement -
Period: to
Pierre Schaeffer
French composer
Developed musique concrete using a tape recorder -
Pierrot lunaire
Song cycle
-21 (bizarre) poems from Belgian symbolist poet, Albert Giraud's "Pierrot lunaire," which was divided into 3 sets of 7 poems
-Written for
Solo voice
Violin/viola
Cello
Flute/piccolo
Clarinet/bass clarinet
piano
-It is about a sad, drunk clown who becomes ridden with guilt and then climbs from the depths of depression to a more playful mood while still having thoughts of guilt, but eventually he becomes sober. -
Period: to
John Cage
American Indeterminate music composer
Lectured on the topic and referred to indeterminacy in music as a piece's ability to be performed in different ways -
Rite of Spring
Ballet
-Music by Igor Stravinsky
-Cherographed by Vaslar Nijinsky
-Produced by Sergey Diaghilev
-Costumes inspired by Pablo Picasso
-showed scenes of pagan Russian rituals
-music was rhythmically forceful that orchestra seemed to use a hammer to play it
-music and story were radical
-received an "X" rating but now would be considered PG-13
-caused a riot
-lots of polyrhythms and polychords -
Period: to
World War I
-
Period: to
Dadaism
Movement of anti-art thinking in which various types of artists reacted against war and the bourgeois in Europe
It attracted various artists including painters, poets, the literary, etc. Many supporters began to question society's standards of art. The artists associated with the movement created the way into modernist thinking, which led to more questioning of traditional artistic expectations. -
Period: to
Les Six
A group of French composers who banded together; Georges Auric, Louis Durey, Arthur Honegger, Darius Milhaud, Francis Poulenc, and Germaine Tailleferre
Concerts and Publicity
-Le Coq et l'Arlequin (1918)
-Le Boeuf surle toit
-L'Album des Six (an album they did in 1920)
-Les maries de la tour Eiffel (1921) -
Period: to
Milton Babbitt
Maximized Expressionism composer from the US
His pieces pushed the furthest into and through emotional extremity
Posses an exaggerated sense of emotional expression leaning towards the extremism of Maximized Expressionism -
Period: to
Non-tonal
Style of music that focused on elements other than pitch
Percussion benefitted from this style -
Period: to
Iannis Xenakis
Greek-french
Indeterminate composer
Focused on an indeterminate process of composition
Composed using probability theories -
Harlem Renaissance
Emerged a cultural capital of African American arts, including literature, painting, and music -
Period: to
Gyorgy Ligeti
Hungarian-Austrian composer
Exploited textural music and sound blocks in his works -
Period: to
Morton Feldman
American Indeterminate composer
Used a type of indeterminate music that replaced traditional musical notation with symbols or visual signs suggesting performance elements rather than notating them -
Period: to
Earle Brown
American Indeterminate composer
Used a type of indeterminate music that replaced traditional musical notation with symbols or visual signs suggesting performance elements rather than notating them -
Period: to
Karlbeinz Stockhausen
German
Indeterminate composer
Focused on an indeterminate process of composition -
George Crumb
Born in 1929 (still alive)
Maximized Expressionism composer from the US
His pieces pushed the furthest into and through emotional extremity
Posses an exaggerated sense of emotional expression leaning towards the extremism of Maximized Expressionism
Politicized works by him in the 70s swell stylistically from Maximalized emotional expression -
Period: to
Krzysztof Penderecki
Polish composer
Exploited textural music and sound blocks in his works -
Peter and the Wolf
Music by Sergei Prokofiev
Used a narrator
Had 5 musical traits: Classicism (neo-classicism), Individual harmonic language, rhythmic drive, lyrical expression, comedic elements -
Period: to
World War II
-
Brian Ferneyhough
British new complexity composer
Wrote "Etudes Trancendantales" from 1982-85 -
Appalachian Spring
Ballet for Martha Graham who also danced the lead
Music by Aaron Copeland
Ballet portrays a pioneer celebration in spring around a newly-built farmhouse in the Pennsylvania hills in the early part of the 1800s. There are an engaged couple, a preacher, neighbors, and more -
Period: to
Musique concrete
Had far reaching compositional effects on modern music
Took recorded natural sounds (dripping water, singing of birds, passing of a train, voices, etc.) and manipulated them by tape-slicing it, mixing it, and super imposing the sounds one on top of another -
Black Pierrot
Art song from a song cycle
Echoes Schoenburg's "Pierrot Lunaire"
Text by Langston Hughes
Chromatic harmony
Blues composed -
Period: to
Aleatoric
Also known as chance music
Concept of composition which the composer left one or more musical elements in performance up to chance
Performances of certain pieces were never the same twice -
Period: to
Indeterminate
Based on elements of chance, but more specifically 3 types of chance elements
First type of indeterminate music presented itself as aleatoric music
Element of chance can still be present in performance, but the greatest elements were still being composed -
Period: to
Textural
Functioned alongside non-tonal music with its sound masses, which could function with 2 or more melodic line although not with individual melodies, harmonies, nor rhythms
Used sound blocks -
Period: to
Maximized Expressionism
Surprise to composers who had been seeking the ultimate fulfillment of complete complexity
Followed in the footsteps of Taruskin's notions of Maximalism
Reflection of the highest level of maximalization in Expressionism -
Synthesizer
Became invented by Harry Olsen and Herbert Belar -
Period: to
Electronische Musik
Developed in Cologne, Germany
For modern music today, the fusion of technology and acoustic music has created an entirely different aesthetic from all proceeding music so far -
Period: to
Minimalism
Style of repetitive music, which was based on the notion that small units of musical material such as pitches, chords, or rhythms, could be repeated with only slight variation over long periods of time -
Neo-romanticism
Began in the 70s
Music that appeals to audiences who are hoping for music that they can understand and embrace
Uses a lot of dissonances (more than before)
Elements of melody, harmony, and texture from the romantic era -
Neo-tonality
Began in the 70s
Non-functional tonality
Uses chromaticism, complex chords, and embraces major seconds
Also embraces consonance and dissonance
Uses dissonant intervals of 7ths and 2nds -
Postmodernism
Began in the 70s
Aesthetic attitude
Focused on uniting many past elements of music (from early 20th century) into a new eclectic style
Was the most inclusive style of music
Has crossed over to popular music of today
Used in video games and some media -
Totalism
Began in the 80s
Music that developed particularly among composers working in NYC as a response to Minimalism
Features complexity as its primary aim -
New complexity
began in the 80s
ties closely with concepts from totalism
Abstract, dissonant, microtonal
reaction against minimalism
focuses on the multiplex compositional methods of its composers -
Globalization
began in the 90s
direct result of technologies, which allowed immediate exchange of ideas and access to music and cultures from anywhere -
Maximized Aesthetics for Our Maxed-Out Maximalism
the current American society values the extremes