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Period: 476 to 1492
Instrumental music
Most instruments were only used in secular music.
-Chordophones:harp,psaltery,rebec...
-Aerophones:shawm,cornamuse,portative organ...
Mebranophones:square hand drum,tambor
Idiophones:tejoletas,idiophones
https://youtu.be/zuk6p95wzoA -
Period: 504 to 604
Pope Gregory the Great
Gregorian chant was called like this in honour of Pope Gregory The Great -
Period: 600 to 800
Gregorian chant
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
-Monophonic texture
-It uses modal scales and is in free time
-It's in Latin with a religious theme
-It's performed by male voices https://youtu.be/kK5AohCMX0U -
800
Liturgical polyphony of the Middle Ages
-Organum: a parallel voice is added
-Discantus:the voices moved in contrary motion
-Conductus: the voices moves in thye same rhytm
https://youtu.be/lo4zgaXRgec -
800
Formers of secular vocal music of the Middle Ages
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800
First rules of musical notation of the Middle Ages
The first symbols were called neumes and they were written to show the changes of pitch.
They used a neumatic notational system in a four-line stave.They were classified into the following styles:
Syllabic:one note per syllable
Neumatic:a small group of notes per syllable
Melismatic:a lot of notes per syllable
https://youtu.be/9kUCSrAMaLo -
800
Secular vocal music of the Middle Ages
Main characteristics:
-It has a monophonic texture,but with instrumental accompaniment
-It uses modal scales and rhtymic modes
-It's designed for fun or entertainment
-It's written un vernacular languages
-It's performed by male and female voices The songs were written un songbook.One of the most common is the Cantigas de Santa María Example:https://youtu.be/UCIx07t14jw -
Period: 992 to 1050
Guido d'Arezzo
He created the four-line stave and gave the names of the notes -
Period: 1098 to 1179
Hildegard von Bingen
She composed a total of 78 liturgical pieces -
Period: 1100 to 1200
Carmina Burana
Famous collection of compositions of secular music
https://youtu.be/GXFSK0ogeg4 -
1200
Creation of mensural notation in the Middle Ages
This included the first symbols related to metre -
Period: 1453 to
Religious vocal music
Motet:it was a composition for two of three parts,each part with different lyrics AMD rhytm
https://youtu.be/kxLv2pPiQVI
Mass:long composition with liturgical text,based on the fixed parts of the religious ceremony
https://youtu.be/QhJTMa8iq3I
Chorale:most common musical form in the Protestant liturgy,based on pre-existing melodies sang in vernacular.
https://youtu.be/LUAgAF4Khmg -
Period: 1453 to
Renaissance textures
Imitative counterpoint:several similar but independent melodic lines are playes,starting one after the other.
https://youtu.be/iOqHEw5Ll_8
Homortymic homophony:several melodic lines are played simultaneosly.
https://youtu.be/MA4inArolr0
Melody-dominated homophony:there is a main melodic line with harmonic accompaniment. https://youtu.be/y8cEtHvVyoU -
Period: 1453 to
Renaissance music
It was composed for several parts
They used medieval modal scales
It had a defined and regular rhytm -
Period: 1453 to
Vocal music
The lyrics became more importante and composers tried to express the character of the text -
Period: 1453 to
Secular vocal music
Italy - madrigal:https://youtu.be/y7xQ2UX3Sy0
England - songs: (France - chanson) https://medium.com/1000-years-of-classical-music/music-of-the-english-renaissance-4929bc84e24a
Spain:
-Romance:https://youtu.be/R1reRrgrqm0
-Villancico:https://youtu.be/EJl6nSVVrlg
-Ensalada:https://youtu.be/hyyQnX59T5s -
Period: 1453 to
Instrumental music
Tiento-compositions based on vocal music
https://youtu.be/hKzKtbjWpEA
Tocatta-compositions with an improvisation feel
https://youtu.be/ho9rZjlsyYY
Diferencias-variations
https://youtu.be/RVXgINu22fc -
Period: 1483 to 1546
Martin Luther Renaissance
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Period: to
Baroque music
-It aimed to arouse emotions and make musical performances spectacular
-It used contrasting elements and overelaborate melodies
-It was based on diatonic scales we know
-It has an insistent,mechanical rhythm,with strongs,repeated beats
-The predominant texture was melody-dominated homophony -
Period: to
Basso continuo in the Baroque period
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Period: to
Instrumental music
It became more important thanks to thecnical developments in instruments and the work of great luthiers.First virtuosos appeared and the orchestra -
Period: to
Instruments and the Baroque orchestra
Instruments:the violin family,the guitar,the oboe,the bassoon and the kettledrum were added The Baroque orchestra:
-Basso continuo:harpsichord,harp or organ.With the strings they were the base of the orchestra
-Strings:largest section and the most important part
-Wind:Woodwind and brass
-Percussion:two kettledrums https://www.classicfm.com/discover-music/periods-genres/baroque/baroque-music-beginners-guide/ -
Period: to
Instrumental forms
Fugue: https://youtu.be/vAFETgpt9PA
Suite: https://youtu.be/sha4KaXdl7s
Sonata: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9ETY25xQAI
Concerto:https://youtu.be/gONdX-NjotE -
Period: to
Religious vocal music
The pasta forma were still in use,they added polychoralism and started to make the music more dramatic.
Cantata:https://youtu.be/f4ZU4PlXqu4
Oratorio:https://youtu.be/CT2QvpWxPVs
Passion:https://www.britannica.com/art/Passion-music -
Period: to
Opera of the Baroque period
It is a secular vocal form that aimed to revive classical Greek theatre,it first appeared in Italy.
Libretto:contains the texto of an opera
Opera seria:dramatic opera,written in Italian and based on mythology of heroic stories
Opera buffa:comic opera,written in vernacular PARTS
https://youtu.be/tyAKyGj5WLA -
Period: to
Orchestra of the Classical period
It incorporated the clarinet, French horn and the piano,and the number of instruments in the bowed strings section increased.
They added an orchestra conductor and larger concert halls were built to suit the new orchestra ensembles https://youtu.be/rOjHhS5MtvA -
Period: to
Instrumental forms of the Classical period
Sonata:performed by one or two soloists
Trio,quartet,quintet:composed for different chamber ensembles
Symphony:performed by orchestra
Concerto:performed by a soloist and the orchestra -
Period: to
The Classical period in Spain
-Juan Crisóstomo de Arriaga stands out for his early talent,which got him the nickname 'the Spanish Mozart'
-Fernando Sor,was well known for his works for guitar -
Period: to
Musical in the Classical period
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Period: to
Instrumental music of the Classical period
Woodwind instruments:the clarinet has a single-reed mouthpiece and keys,it appeared in the 18th century and its predecessor was the chalumeau.
https://youtu.be/YT_63UntRJE
Brass instruments: the French horn has a conical mouthpiece and a long tube curled in a circular shape
https://youtu.be/KgxuzMilgC8
Struck string instruments: the piano was invented in 1700 by Bartolomeo Cristofori of Italy.When its keys are pressed,small hammers strike the strings, making a sound.
https://youtu.be/x8N7mFboGnc -
Period: to
Vocal music of the Classical period
Opera seria: https://youtu.be/Ba9K_T5ivTQ
Opera buffa:https://youtu.be/aiNDcJ7x30w
Religious vocal music:https://youtu.be/sPlhKP0nZII -
Zarzuela Romantic period
Spanish composers developed the zarzuela, a lyrical and threatical musical form that first appeared in the 17th century,but the best creations were made in the 19th century. Zarzuela grande:https://youtu.be/Kbylv1dpt_0
Genero chico:https://youtu.be/ZeVv3iuExmg -
Instrumental music of the Romantic period
Woodwind
Bass clarinet :https://youtu.be/4qzAi7JoKGE
Contrabassoon :https://youtu.be/0xSlEe9i2A4
English horn :https://youtu.be/0HhrxVx1Ztc
Saxophone :https://youtu.be/RKROh_K8dUQ
Brass
Trombone :https://youtu.be/TNOi65x4SYU
Tuba :https://youtu.be/fYOsNp4O7AU
Percussion
Gong :https://youtu.be/BFhVkzuo89A
Bass drum :https://youtu.be/E3ZSLMKcdzQ
Snare drum :https://youtu.be/rrTD83rKqfM
Cymbalas:https ://youtu.be/PPLAHltOv9E
Marimba :https://youtu.be/DQnNsLxPoTU
Celesta:https://youtu.be/faHXQugcz9A -
Period: to
Symphonic music of the Romantic period
Symphonic orchestra:over 80 musicians,the wind section grew,incorporating instruments such a as the bass clarinet or the contrabassoon
https://youtu.be/rOjHhS5MtvA Programme music:it aimed to describe a programmer or narrative
https://youtu.be/ledg3A1b7vo Programme symphony: composition with a descriptive character consisting of several movements
https://youtu.be/38uLgIVDwDE Symphonic poem:designed to be performed by an orchestra or a small instrumental ensemble
https://youtu.be/budSyYjt5cw -
Period: to
Music in the Romantic period
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Period: to
Opera of the Romantic period
Opera become the bourgeoisie's favorite type of performance. Italy:
Bel canto - https://youtu.be/tI-iFAASh4w
Verismo - https://youtu.be/1rvvmHxghjg France:
Grand ópera - https://youtu.be/y0f_mrkRROk
Operetta - https://youtu.be/t5eqwhSyRis Germany:
Leitmotiv - https://youtu.be/NpOr3vZpQKQ -
Period: to
Lied in the Romantic period
It means Lied,is a poem set to simple music,accompanied by the piano,which aims to reinforce the contents of the text. -
Period: to
Musical nationalism
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Period: to
Compositions for piano of the Romantic period
The piano developed technically and achieved a great expressive ability. Short pieces for solo piano: they were shorter than a sonata,simple and had a free musical structure
https://youtu.be/kWpHS7t4IkM Chamber music:the piano was played in duets,trios,quartets and quintets
https://youtu.be/-KoTfvaaiFc Longer works:it included concertos for piano and orchestra -
Romantic dance and ballet of the Romantic period
It was marked by the first Paris performance of La Sylphide in 1832,which brought the withe tutu and pointe shoes A piece of the nutcracker:
https://youtu.be/zV1qLYukTH8 -
Neoclassicism 20th century
It aimed to return to classical aesthetics, with harmonic dissonances and an irregular rhythm https://youtu.be/LRpQtotn41c -
Aleatoric music 20th century
It was based on chance and the ability of the performers to improvise https://youtu.be/JTEFKFiXSx4 -
Minimal music 20th century
It created simple, direct music with minimal resources https://youtu.be/6Stu7h7Qup8 -
20th century music
-It pursued novelty,experimentation and originality
-It searched for a new musical language that broke away from previous concepts of tone rhythm and timbre
-It explored different ways of representing music
--It used new computer and instrumental resources -
Instruments of the 20th century
Electrophones
-Theremin:https://youtu.be/K6KbEnGnymk
-Ondes Martenot:https://youtu.be/v0aflcF0-ys
-Synthesizer:https://youtu.be/uz0EAMDsyVc
-Sampler:https://youtu.be/NIOXktR3hJg Idiophones
-Vibraphone:https://youtu.be/b0qffO4dF0o -
Expressionism 20th century
-It used a very strong rhythm
-They were designed for small chambers,in which each instrument had a prominent role
-The melodic line was lost in favour of Sprechgesang
-It included strong dissonances to create a constant tension
-It used atonality and the twelve-tone technique https://youtu.be/QNCIz-_QFrs -
Atonality and the twelve-time technique 20th century
Atonality: use of non-tonal music that was full of dissonances that generated tension
Twelve-tone technique: it gave the same importance to all twelve notes, but forced composers to order them in series -
Musique concrete 20th century
It used sounds from their surroundings and then modified them with the latest technology https://youtu.be/c4ea0sBrw6M -
Electronic and electroacoustic music 20th century
Electronic music:it used only electronically-generated sounds
Electroacoustic music: it mixed real sounds with electronically-generated sounds -
20th century music in Spain
Spanish musical nationalism:https://youtu.be/aTXnMpMaAKs
Generación del 27:https://youtu.be/ExAWUaylHPo
Generación del 51:https://youtu.be/HWM0X7yU-KY -
20th century ballet and contemporary dance
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Impressionism 20th century
-Musical atmospheres inspired by nature or unusual things
-Scales that evoked oriental music
-Imprecise melodic lines and a free,irregular rhythm
-Timbres of different instruments overlapping each other https://youtu.be/eYOeH-EF00s
