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1 CE
Special Education Through Time Video
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Period: 476 to 1500
Treatment of Disabled
Disabled were considered not normal.
First asylum for infants created, not all survived.
"Idiot cages" were used to keep disabled from creating "trouble".
Some shipped off to other lands.
"Ships of fools" charged admission to view disabled passengers.
1215:Disabled where brought to the shrine at Gheel to be "cured".
Disabled were poor and had to beg for survival.
The Renaissance brought a better understanding of disabilities and advances in health care.
http://mn.gov/mnddc/parallels/two/4.html -
Period: 1500 to
Treatment of Disabled
Locke believed all minds are blank slates and are built upon.
This played a significant role in the development of psychology.
Jacob Rodriguez Pereire taught deaf to hear and speak by touch.
Valentin Hauy created embossed touch to help blind read.
The French Revolution started battle for the rights of all individuals.
Philip Pinel said that mentally disabled were diseased, not sinful.
Moral management created a gentle approach to treatment.
http://mn.gov/mnddc/parallels/three/3.html -
Period: 1500 to
Treatment of Disabled
Services provided humane environments.
Pinel classified types of mental illness.
J. Itard experimented with "Victor, the Wild Boy of Aveyron"to prove the blank slate theory.
Victor could not speak, sleep in a bed, wear clothes or eat cook food, but he did improve over time.
Itard proved children with mental retardation could improve.
T. Malthus believed food was being depleted and disabled people should be eliminated.
http://mn.gov/mnddc/parallels/three/5.html -
1563
Elizabethan Poor Laws
Laws to take care of the "poor and disadvantage".
More responsibility went to the government to care for the poor.
Basic care given to the unemployable poor.
http://mn.gov/mnddc/parallels/two/4.html
https://elizabethan-poor-law.weebly.com/ -
Samuel Gridley Howe and Alexander Graham Bell
Promoted educational reform throughout the 1800s.
Researched causes and possible cures for some conditions.
https://www.nps.gov/articles/disabilityhistoryedreform.htm -
Period: to
Treatment of Disabled
Living conditions were harsh for disabled.
"warning out" and "Passing on" were used to rid towns of the "unwanted".
1820: people began to speak out abut the hash treatment of disabled and poor people.
Esquirol created two levels of disabled idiocy and imbecility.
1842:Training school for disabled established.
Edouard Seguin used the physiological method to help treat the disabled.
Several schools for disabled were created.
http://mn.gov/mnddc/parallels/four/4b/5.html -
Perkins School for the Blind
Samuel Gridley Howe opened this school.
Located in Massachusetts
First school for the blind in the U.S.
Embossed letter system was created to help blind students read
https://www.perkins.org/history/legacy/deafblind
https://www.nps.gov/articles/disabilityhistoryedreform.htm -
Dorothea Dix
Advocating for better services of disabled people.
She was appalled by the conditions of inmates and disabled.
She worked with S. Howe to appeal that 5 million acres of land be set aside to accommodate disabled persons.
She helped to pave the way for public institutions.
https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/dorothea-dix
http://mn.gov/mnddc/parallels/four/4b/1.html -
Period: to
Treatment of Disabled
Disabled students received physical training, basic academic training, and social and self-help skills.
It was thought that they could "make the deviant undeviant" and they could be productive in society with proper training.
Many pupils with mild and moderate disabilities gained the skills to return to their families and communities, but with no jobs available, many were put in poorhouses or jail.
Training schools increased turning into asylums.
http://mn.gov/mnddc/parallels/four/4c/2.html -
Gallaudet College Created
Established higher learning for the deaf.
Established by President Lincoln.
http://primaryresearch.org/the-history-of-special-education-in-the-late-1800s-to-mid-1900s-a-look-through-beverly-schools/ -
Day School for the Deaf
Established in Boston.
First public day school for the deaf.
http://primaryresearch.org/the-history-of-special-education-in-the-late-1800s-to-mid-1900s-a-look-through-beverly-schools/ -
Period: to
Treatment of Disabled
Custodial institutions were built.
poor schooling and overcrowding decreased the effectiveness of the schools.
Dehumanizing process began; the schools were away from society.
Mild disabled inmates were used as free labor.
Disabled were made to be productive workers within the institution.
1876: Institutions became medically oriented and the patients were viewed as someone needing to be cured.
Disabled were considered burdens.
http://mn.gov/mnddc/parallels/four/4c/6.html -
Term Blindness Invented
Adolf Kussmaul, a German neurologists creates the term blindness. -
Term Dyslexia Invented
Rudolf Berlin, a German physician creates the term dyslexia.
Used to define reading issues.
https://www.understood.org/en/learning-thinking-differences/getting-started/what-you-need-to-know/history-of-learning-disabilities-and-adhd -
Period: to
Treatment of Disabled
Farm colonies making disabled work for free were created.
Believed to be riding society of a burden.
High rise in institutionalized.
Harsh treatment and conditions in institutions.
Isolation.
Believed that mental retardation and mental illness were genetic.
"Criminals, defectives, and delinquents" were all lumped together.
First sterilization procedure performed on inmates began.
Special Education starts emerging.
http://mn.gov/mnddc/parallels/four/4e/1.html -
The Arc is founded
In Minneapolis, MN, parent groups create the Arc.
First organization to help fund intellectual and developmental disabilities research.
Supports the creation of Supplemental Security Income program.
Helps push congress into adding disabilities as a protected class under the Fair Housing Act.
Helps congress expand education services to infants through preschoolers.
Wins expanded provisions to help student after high school.
https://thearc.org/about-us/history/ -
Period: to
Treatment of Disabled
A change in mindset emerges.
Disabled children do benefit from education.
Institutions are still growing abundantly.
Parents begin advocated strongly for and demanded services for disabled.
Parental involvement caused a shift in providing services to disabled.
Disabled children were being looked at as human beings.
Programs and services were not very accessible in communities.
Th term "disabled person" was used and more rights were given to them.
http://mn.gov/mnddc/parallels/five/5a/1.html -
Brown v. Board of Education
Found that segregation based on race in public schools is unconstitutional.
Paved the way for all people to have the right to public education.
https://www.naesp.org/sites/default/files/resources/1/Principal/2008/N-Oweb2.pdf
https://all4ed.org/five-things-you-need-to-know-about-brown-vs-board/ -
American Association of People with Disabilities
Founded to help unite people with disabilities and their families.
Created to be a voice for change in implementing the Americans with Disabilities Act goals.
https://www.myphilanthropedia.org/top-nonprofits/national/people-with-disabilities/2011/american-association-of-people-with-disabilities-aapd -
Term Learning Disability Used
Samuel A. Kirk, a psychologist from Chicago, was the first to use the term at an education conference.
https://www.understood.org/en/learning-thinking-differences/getting-started/what-you-need-to-know/history-of-learning-disabilities-and-adhd -
Community Mental Health Act of 1963
Also known as: The Mental Retardation and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act of 1963 or Public Law 88-164.
It would provide federal funding for research facilities and community mental health centers in the United States.
Institutionalization went down.
https://www.thenationalcouncil.org/about/national-mental-health-association/overview/community-mental-health-act/ -
Association for Children with Learning Disabilities Founded
A group of parents and professionals who work with disabled children drove the group.
Main concern was to receive recognition that children with disabilities need certain services that they did not currently have access to.
https://ldaamerica.org/about-us/history/ -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
President L. Johnson's war on poverty started this ruling.
Trying to equalize educational opportunities to all children.
Directed federal education funding to the most disadvantaged children.
Helped the expansion of state departments of education. https://ballotpedia.org/Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act_of_1965 -
ADHD First Appears
Hyperkinetic impulse disorder (currently known as ADHD) shows up in the the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.
https://www.understood.org/en/learning-thinking-differences/getting-started/what-you-need-to-know/history-of-learning-disabilities-and-adhd -
The Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children (PARC) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Disabled students were to be placed in public schools that meet their individual needs appropriately.
https://educationonline.ku.edu/community/idea-timeline -
Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia
students with mental and learning disabilities and behavioral issues could not be denied a public education.
https://educationonline.ku.edu/community/idea-timeline -
Wyatt v. Stickney
Involuntary committed people have rights to be treated in the hopes they would be returned to society.
Adequate and fair treatment and living conditions were required.
Individualized treatment plans had to be given.
Minimum standards given for standard and adequate treatment of disabled.
https://disabilityjustice.org/wyatt-v-stickney/ -
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
Prohibits the exclusion or discrimination of any person from federally funded programs or activities.
https://hjh.herefordisd.net/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=759387&type=u&pREC_ID=1505772
https://www.naesp.org/sites/default/files/resources/1/Principal/2008/N-Oweb2.pdf -
United Nations General Assembly Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons
It protected the rights of persons with disabilities nationally and internationally.
IT entitled disabled persons to the same rights as others.
It stated that disabled persons had the right to live with their families, be protected from explotation, etc.
https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/history-of-united-nations-and-persons-with-disabilities-a-human-rights-approach-the-1970s.html
http://mn.gov/mnddc/parallels/five/5a/9.html -
Public Law 94-142
A free and appropriate public education was entitled to all children, even those with disabilities.
Provided rights to disabled children and their families.
https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/osers/idea35/history/index_pg10.html -
Education for All Handicapped Children Act
Now known as IDEA
President Gerald Ford signed it into law
Federally funded states were required to provide equal access to school for all students regardless of their disability.
https://educationonline.ku.edu/community/idea-timeline -
Foundation for Children with Learning Disabilities
Founded by Carrie and Pete Rozelle.
Currently known as the National Center for Learning Disabilities.
Created to bring awareness and grants to fund research.
https://www.ncld.org/about/ -
Period: to
Treatment of Disabled
A New Way of Thinking was coined to start a new way for disabled persons.
Disabled were encouraged to be part of the community.
Disabled have more rights and services available.
Institutions started closing.
However, some children are still institutionalized and misunderstood.
Inclusion and self-advocacy is encouraged.
Improvement, inclusion and growth continues.
Better understanding and more research continues.
http://mn.gov/mnddc/parallels2/epilogue/forging/019.htm -
Board of Education of Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley
First special education court case to be seen in front of the U.S. supreme court.
Ruled that all special education students are entitled to public school programs that meet their needs.
Students are also entitled to an appropriate IEP.
https://www.naesp.org/sites/default/files/resources/1/Principal/2008/N-Oweb2.pdf -
EHA amended
Handicapped infants and children from birth to two years old are entitled to educational services, as long as they have a disability or developmental delay.
https://www.biausa.org/public-affairs/public-policy/individuals-with-disabilities-education-act -
Public Law 99-457
Each state must provide services to children with disabilities from the time of birth.
More and better services would be available o children and families.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2801456 -
Handicapped Children’s Protection Act
Parents are able to participate in their child's IEP.
It enables legal costs to be covered if the lawsuit is won.
If a parent thinks their child's IEP is not appropriate, they can take their case to the State Education Department for a hearing.
https://www.craftlegal.com/2016/11/08/handicapped-childrens-protection-act/ -
Public Law 101-476
Traumatic brain injuries and autism was added to the category list of disabilities.
An ITP must be implemented to help a student transition after they graduate.
https://www.biausa.org/public-affairs/public-policy/individuals-with-disabilities-education-act -
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
Signed into law by George W. Bush
Prohibits ALL discrimination of disabled people, even if it is not funded by federal money.
http://rossville.net/american-disabilities-act/ -
LD Online Launches
First internet based resource for parents and teachers of disabled children.
https://www.understood.org/en/learning-thinking-differences/getting-started/what-you-need-to-know/history-of-learning-disabilities-and-adhd -
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
The Education for all Handicapped Children’s Act is now called the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).
Developentaly delayed now includes children from birth to nine years old.
https://educationonline.ku.edu/community/idea-timeline -
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act Renamed
Now called the No Child Left Behind Act.
Hold schools and states more accountable for progress of students.
https://www.understood.org/en/learning-thinking-differences/getting-started/what-you-need-to-know/history-of-learning-disabilities-and-adhd -
IDEA Amended
Early intervention
standards for SPED instructors are raised
Improved educational outcomes
https://educationonline.ku.edu/community/idea-timeline -
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
Signed into law by President Obama.
It was to promote economic recovery and growth.
Funds would be used to improve student achievement and help close the achievement gap.
https://www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/leg/recovery/factsheet/idea.html -
New Federal Regulations Put Into Place
A goal of seven percent of contractors and subcontractors workforce should be people with disabilities.
https://www.understood.org/en/learning-thinking-differences/getting-started/what-you-need-to-know/history-of-learning-disabilities-and-adhd -
Understood.org Launches
An internet based program that enables parents to find hands-on information to help them understand and meet their child's specific needs.
https://www.understood.org/pages/en/learning-thinking-differences/understanding-childs-challenges/ -
No Child Left Behind Repealed
Every Student Succeeds Act takes its place.
Each state can set its own goals for student achievement within the federal framework given to them.
https://www.understood.org/en/learning-thinking-differences/getting-started/what-you-need-to-know/history-of-learning-disabilities-and-adhd -
Endrew F. v. Douglas County School District
The IEP must be custom to the unique needs of each child.
It must enable the child to make appropriate progress in light of each child's situation.
http://www.doe.mass.edu/lawsregs/advisory/2017-0616ieps.html
