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A Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. This court case helped establish the precedent that "separate-but-equal" education was not equal at all.
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This act was put in place to address the inequality of educational opportunities for underprivileged children. This was to ensure that disadvantaged students had access to quality education.
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The cases was filed on behalf of 9 Mexican-American students, the lawsuit challenged the use of certain IQ tests to place students into EMR classrooms. The court ordered that the children whose primary language was not English were to be tested in their primary language. All the students in EMR classrooms were to be retested and a law was passed in which test scores used for placement be supported through an evaluation of the child's developmental history.
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Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children filed on behalf od 14 children with developmental disablilites who had been denied access to public education in Pennsylvania. A state law specifically allowed school to exclude children who had not reached a "mental age of five years" by the time they should be enrolling in the first grade. It was argued that this violated their rights under the Equal Protection clause and the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment.
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Was a case that was brought on behalf of 7 students living in Washington DC. These students with disabilities has been excluded from their public school and denied educational services. The court ruled in favor of the children declaring that excluding the disabled children violated their right to a free public education.
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After PARC and Mills, Congress decided to launch an investigation into the status of children with disabilities and found that millions of children were not receiving an appropriate education.
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This is a federal law designed to protect the rights of individuals with disabilities in programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance. These programs include public school districts and institutions of higher education. To be able to qualify under this act a student much have a disability and that disability must limit a major life function.
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Congress intended that all children with disabilities would "have a right to education, and to establish a process by which State and local educational agencies may be held accountable for providing educational services for all handicapped children."
This act also started requiring schools to develop and Individualized Education Plan. -
This is the update of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. This act effectively scaled up the federal role in holding schools accountable for student outcomes.
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IDEA has two primary purposes . The first is to provide an education that meets a child's needs and prepares the child for further education, employment, and independent living. The second purpose is to protect the rights of both children with disabilities and their parents.
