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Around 7000 BCE, agricultural experimentation had begun in the Indus River Valley, spreading throughout the subcontinent by 3000 BCE.
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The Harappan society dominated India from 3000 to 1500 BCE but collapsed with the invasions of the Aryan peoples from the Central Asian steppes.
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By 1000 BCE, iron metallurgy and the increased agricultural yields, encouraged larger populations and more complex societies.
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In 600 BCE, the Vedes were finally written down after being orally passed down. It was their earliest religious and literary works are called the Vedas.
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By 500 BCE, India had developed a distinctive cultural tradition, strong social structures, and powerful armies.
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By 500 BCE, as the Vedic Age came to an end, the caste system was an indelible part of Indian society and served to maintain social discipline.
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By the 6th BCE, several large kingdoms, including the Mauryan and Gupta dynasties, centralized authority and created imperial states.
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By the 10th century, Islam began to rise in prominence in Southeast Asia.
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In the early 13th century, the Mongols were united under Temujin, also known as Genghis Khan.
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In 1227, Genghis Khan dies. He had created a vast empire, but he was not skilled at administrating. It was up to his successors to find administrators to maintain the empire.
