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Feb 19, 1473
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
A Renaissance mathematician and astronomer whose religious convictions made them humble before nature and skeptical of mere human authority. -
Dec 30, 1561
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Became one of the founders of modern science. He was highly interested in the human mind and its failings. He wrote that thee human understanding consists of a greater degree of order and equality in things. -
Rene Descartes (1595-1650)
A scientist and philospher Frenchman, who wanted to speculate how the mind and the physical body communicate. He was right on how the nerve paths are important to let us have reflexes. -
John Locke (1632-1704)
A British political philosopher, wrote An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, which helped form modern empiricism. It means that knowledge originates from experience and that science should rely on observation and experimentation. He echoed Aristotle's conclusion from 2000 years earlier: we learn by association. -
Wilhelm Wundt
He established the first psychology laboratory at te University of Leipzig, Germany. He wanted to seek the fastest and simplest mental process by having people press a key when they heard a sound. -
William James
A Philosopher-psychologist wanted to consider the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings. He was also a functionalist. -
Edward Titchener
He introduced structuralism. He aimed to discover the structural elements of the mind. He used introspection to search for the mind's structural elements. -
Mary Calkins
Became a pioneering memory researcher and the first women to be president oof the American Psychological Association. -
John Watson and B.F. Skinner
American behaviorists who dismissed introspection and redefined pyschology as " the scientific study of observable behavior" Watson urged his colleugues to discard refeerence to inner thoughts, feeings, and motives. Skinner explored operant conditioning. He was one of the most controversial intellectual figures of the late twentirth century. He repeatedly insisted that external influences shapes behavior. Skinner says external consequences already haphazardly control people's behavior. -
Margaret Washburn
The first women to receive a psychology Ph.D, Washburn synthesized animal behavior research in The Animal Mind, and became the second APA president. -
Jane Goodall
Used naturalistic observation to study chimpanzees. -
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
Pioneers who behaviorism's fouc on learned behaviors too mechanistic. -
Richard Gorason
Asked people to unscramble a set of letters to which people has overconfidence to solve in 10 seconds. But in reality it took thema an average of three minutes. Once they found out it brought hindsight. -
Douglas G. Mook
He says "an experiment's purpose is not to recreate the exact behaviors of everyday life, but to test theorectical principles". -
Scott Plous (1993)
He notes, however, that our compassion for animal varies, as does our compassion for people based on their perceived simliarity to us. -
Socrates (469-399 B.C.E)
Concluded with Plato that the mind is separable from the body and continures after the body dies. -
Plato, (387 B.C.E.)
Believed in inborn ideas, suggested that the brain is the seat of mental processes. -
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E)
Says that knowledge is not preexisting; insteasd it grows from experience stored in our memories. He denied the existence of inborn ideas. -
Sigmund Freud
An Austrian physician who developed the influential psychoanalytic theory of personality. His controversial ideas influenced humanity's self-understanding. -
Jean Piaget
A Swiss biologists who was the most influential observer of children. -
Ivan Pavlov
A Russian Pyschologist who pioneered the study of learning. He explored in classical conditioning with his dog.He had a disdain for "mentalistic " concepts (such as consciousness) and a belief that the basic laws of learning were the same for all animals where dogs or humans.He used extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination.
