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The Massachusetts Supreme Court rules that the states constitution permits racially segregated schools.
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"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction."
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The 14th Amendment was ratified, granting citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States—including former slaves—and guaranteed all citizens “equal protection of the laws.”
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The first federally funded "off-reservation" boarding school was founded; indigenous children were removed from their communities and cultures with the primary objective of assimilating Native American children and youth into Euro-American culture.
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The Louisiana General Assembly passed a law to prevent black and white people from riding together on railroads
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The landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality – a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal"
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Roberto Alvarez vs. the Board of Trustees of the Lemon Grove School District, was the first successful school desegregation court decision in the history of the United States
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This was the first case to hold that school segregation itself is unconstitutional and violates the 14th Amendment
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The Supreme Court rules that school segregation is illegal, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson, the case the established the "separate but equal" principle.
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For 382 days, almost the entire African-American population of Montgomery, Alabama, including leaders Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks took part in civil rights protest during which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating.
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President Eisenhower sends the National Guard to Little Rock, Arkansas' Central High School to protect nine Black students as they integrate the school. l
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Legislation signed by president Johnson prohibits discrimination in all public places.
