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1800 BCE
Judaism
It was monotheistic religions born among one of the region’s smaller
and, at the time, less significant peoples — the Hebrews.
Founder • Abraham
● Place and Date of Origin
• 1800 BCE Middle East， Canaan
● Holy or Sacred Text
• the Tanakh or the Hebrew Bible
● God
• Yahweh——a powerful and jealous deity, who demanded their
exclusive loyalty -
Period: 753 BCE to 509 BCE
Rome Kingdom
King - Chief executive, imperium
Power of the King:
1) Ultimate executive power
2) Unchecked military authority as the commander-in-chief of all Rome's legions. (Military Power)
3) Legal judgment in all cases as the chief justice of Rome. (Protect him from ever being brought to trial for his actions) Legislators
Roman Senate - dominated by the aristocracy, served as the advisory council to the king Centuriate Assembly - popular assembly -
616 BCE
Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
Military ability - defeated the attacks from Sabines and suppressed the revolt in side of Rome
Increase the number of the Senate by adding one hundred men from the leading minor families -
575 BCE
Servius Tullius
Son of a slave
Instituted Rome's first census which divided the population into five economic classes, and formed the Centuriate Assembly - voting rights based on socio-economic status, favoring elites (that is properties of people)
Advanced middle class
Organized Roman army - hoplite tactics - Phalanx formation - the front rank was composed of the wealthiest citizens, who were able to purchase the best equipment
Servian wall -
535 BCE
Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
Known as Tarquin the Proud
Married daughter of Servius Tullius and killed his father in law
Violence and intimidation to control Rome, and his disrespect of Roman custom and the Roman Senate
Other hands, he improved infrastructures and some temples, roads
Last king of Rome
The king's son, Sextus Tarquinius, raped Lucretia, wife and daughter to powerful Roman nobles. Lucretia told her relatives about the attack, and committed suicide to avoid the dishonor of the episode. -
509 BCE
Overthrow of the Roman monarchy
Following Lucretia's suicide, Lucius Junius Brutus called the Curiate Assembly, one of the legislative assemblies of the Roman Kingdom. The latter agreed to the overthrow and expulsion of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus and to a provisional constitution under which two consuls acted as a joint executive and a Curiate Assembly held legislative power, and swore never again to let a king rule Rome. It further elected Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, Lucretia's husband, as consuls. -
Period: 509 BCE to 27 BCE
Rome Republic
Patricians——landowning noblemen
Plebeians——all other free men
Slaves -War, patriarchy, and the notion of private property, all of which accompanied the First Civilizations, also contributed to the growth of slavery.
The Greco-Roman world society was based on slavery. Political System：
Senate
Assembly
Consuls
Tribune -
Period: 503 BCE to 351 BCE
Roman-Etruscan Wars
Rome started with a small area with landscape benefits that many tribes around it wanted to take - like Latin, Volscians in the South, Sabines, Etruscan, Veii in the North, and Aequian in the East. And Later tribe of Gaul in Celts invade Rome (in Hoplites) -
Period: 343 BCE to 290 BCE
Samnite Wars
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Period: 340 BCE to 338 BCE
Latin Wars
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Period: 246 BCE to 146 BCE
Punic Wars
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Period: 214 BCE to 148 BCE
Macedonian Wars
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66 BCE
Roman–Persian Wars
Battles between the Parthian Empire and the Roman Republic began in 66 BC; wars began under the late Republic, and continued through the Roman and Sasanian Persian empires.
The wars were ended by the Arab Muslim Conquests, which led to the Fall of the Sasanian Empire and huge territorial losses for the Byzantine Eastern Roman Empire, shortly after the end of the last war between them.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars -
60 BCE
Pompey
One of the First Triumvirate
He was considered the greatest military commander of his time and commanded armies in the Third Servile War (73–71 BC) in Italy and the Third Mithridatic War (73–63 BC) against the Kingdom of Pontus in West Asia. -
60 BCE
Crassus
One of the First Triumvirate
He was a property speculator, the largest landlord, and the richest man in Rome. -
60 BCE
Caesar
One of the First Triumvirate. He was a prominent politician with the populares faction and was eventually renowned for his conquest of Gaul. This alliance tried to oppose the Senate. However, the triumvirate lasted from 60 BC until Crassus' death at the battle. In
44 BCE he became the Dictator of Rome. He was given power over southern Gaul and other parts of Europe and asked professional people to make Julian calendar. -
Period: 60 BCE to 53 BCE
First Triumvirate
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44 BCE
Caesar’s death
Due to the legislation and policy made by Caesar, the noble was very angry so that a conspiracy was made among about fifty senators——kill the Caesar. -
43 BCE
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
Roman statesman
After the death of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, he attempted to undermine the Sullan constitution, revive the populares faction and rebel. -
Period: 43 BCE to 33 BCE
Second Triumvirate
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27 BCE
Augustus , also called Augustus Caesar
first Roman emperor , following the republic
destroyed by the dictatorship of Julius Caesar , his great-uncle and adoptive father
the origin of August -
Period: 27 BCE to 476
Rome Empire and it fall
Internal pressure
size of empire is too large
expense to maintain the empire
epidemics
external pressure -
Period: 27 BCE to 68
Julio--Claudian dynasty
the first Roman imperial dynasty, consisting of the first five emperors—Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero[1]—or the family to which they belonged. They ruled the Roman Empire from its formation under Augustus in 27 BC, until AD 68 when the last of the line, Nero, committed suicide.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty -
-
4 BCE
Jesus
A young Jewish peasant, Jesus of Nazareth, in the remote province of Judaea in the Roman Empire began a brief three-year career of teaching and miracle working. Jesus was a rural or small-town worker from a distinctly lower-class family. -
43
Mark Antony
the son of an ineffective praetor (military commander) and grandson of a noted consul and orator
he was elected a tribune and served as a staunch defender of Caesar against his rivals in the Senate.
stabbed himself with a sword but was then brought to die in Cleopatra’s arms. -
43
Roman conquest of Britain
a gradual process, beginning effectively in AD 43 under Emperor Claudius, whose general Aulus Plautius served as first governor of Roman Britain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain -
Period: 96 to 192
Nerva–Antonine dynasty
a dynasty of seven Roman Emperors who ruled over the Roman Empire from 96 AD to 192 AD. These Emperors are Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Lucius Verus, Marcus Aurelius, and Commodus.
- Adoptive Emperors ensured the prosperity -
98
Trajan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan
a successful soldier-emperor who presided over the greatest military expansion in Roman history, leading the empire to attain its maximum territorial extent by the time of his death. Also known for his philanthropic rule, overseeing extensive public building programs and implementing social welfare policies, which earned him his enduring reputation as the second of the Five Good Emperors- presided over an era of peace and prosperity in the Mediterranean world -
235
The Crisis of the Third Century, also known as Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis (AD 235–284), was a period in which the Roman Empire nearly collapsed under the combined pressures of invasion, civil war, plague, and economic depression.
By 268, the empire had split into three competing states: the Gallic Empire, including the Roman provinces of Gaul, Britannia and (briefly) Hispania; the Palmyrene Empire, including the eastern provinces of Syria Palaestina and Aegyptus; and the Italian-centered and independent Roman Empire, proper, between them.
Later, Aurelian (270–275) reunited the empire; the crisis ended with the ascension and reforms of Diocletian in 284. -
284
Diocletian
Diocletian's reign stabilized the empire and marks the end of the Crisis of the Third Century. He appointed fellow officer Maximian as Augustus, co-emperor, in 286. Diocletian reigned in the Eastern Empire, and Maximian reigned in the Western Empire.
approach: want to solve the problem by diving the empire into two regions and governed by co-emperors.
Result:civil war still happens -
324
Constantine the Great
approach:united Rome empire again
Result:shrinking income and increased external pressure
Founder of Constantinople -
Period: 376 to 382
Gothic War
Between about 376 and 382 the Gothic War against the Eastern Roman Empire, and in particular the Battle of Adrianople, is commonly seen as a watershed in the history of the Roman Empire, the first of a series of events over the next century that would see the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, although its ultimate importance to the Empire's eventual fall is still debated.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_War_(376%E2%80%93382) -
476
Odoacer conquered the Western Roman capital Ravenna
The fall of Western Roman Empire
