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It was monotheistic religions born among one of the region’s smaller
and, at the time, less significant peoples — the Hebrews.
Founder • Abraham
● Place and Date of Origin
• 1800 BCE Middle East， Canaan
● Holy or Sacred Text
• the Tanakh or the Hebrew Bible
● God
• Yahweh——a powerful and jealous deity, who demanded their
exclusive loyalty -
King - Chief executive, imperium
Power of the King:
1) Ultimate executive power
2) Unchecked military authority as the commander-in-chief of all Rome's legions. (Military Power)
3) Legal judgment in all cases as the chief justice of Rome. (Protect him from ever being brought to trial for his actions) Legislators
Roman Senate - dominated by the aristocracy, served as the advisory council to the king Centuriate Assembly - popular assembly -
Military ability - defeated the attacks from Sabines and suppressed the revolt in side of Rome
Increase the number of the Senate by adding one hundred men from the leading minor families -
Son of a slave
Instituted Rome's first census which divided the population into five economic classes, and formed the Centuriate Assembly - voting rights based on socio-economic status, favoring elites (that is properties of people)
Advanced middle class
Organized Roman army - hoplite tactics - Phalanx formation - the front rank was composed of the wealthiest citizens, who were able to purchase the best equipment
Servian wall -
Known as Tarquin the Proud
Married daughter of Servius Tullius and killed his father in law
Violence and intimidation to control Rome, and his disrespect of Roman custom and the Roman Senate
Other hands, he improved infrastructures and some temples, roads
Last king of Rome
The king's son, Sextus Tarquinius, raped Lucretia, wife and daughter to powerful Roman nobles. Lucretia told her relatives about the attack, and committed suicide to avoid the dishonor of the episode. -
Following Lucretia's suicide, Lucius Junius Brutus called the Curiate Assembly, one of the legislative assemblies of the Roman Kingdom. The latter agreed to the overthrow and expulsion of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus and to a provisional constitution under which two consuls acted as a joint executive and a Curiate Assembly held legislative power, and swore never again to let a king rule Rome. It further elected Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, Lucretia's husband, as consuls.
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Patricians——landowning noblemen
Plebeians——all other free men
Slaves -War, patriarchy, and the notion of private property, all of which accompanied the First Civilizations, also contributed to the growth of slavery.
The Greco-Roman world society was based on slavery. Political System：
Senate
Assembly
Consuls
Tribune -
Rome started with a small area with landscape benefits that many tribes around it wanted to take - like Latin, Volscians in the South, Sabines, Etruscan, Veii in the North, and Aequian in the East. And Later tribe of Gaul in Celts invade Rome (in Hoplites)
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Battles between the Parthian Empire and the Roman Republic began in 66 BC; wars began under the late Republic, and continued through the Roman and Sasanian Persian empires.
The wars were ended by the Arab Muslim Conquests, which led to the Fall of the Sasanian Empire and huge territorial losses for the Byzantine Eastern Roman Empire, shortly after the end of the last war between them.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars -
One of the First Triumvirate
He was considered the greatest military commander of his time and commanded armies in the Third Servile War (73–71 BC) in Italy and the Third Mithridatic War (73–63 BC) against the Kingdom of Pontus in West Asia. -
One of the First Triumvirate
He was a property speculator, the largest landlord, and the richest man in Rome. -
One of the First Triumvirate. He was a prominent politician with the populares faction and was eventually renowned for his conquest of Gaul. This alliance tried to oppose the Senate. However, the triumvirate lasted from 60 BC until Crassus' death at the battle. In
44 BCE he became the Dictator of Rome. He was given power over southern Gaul and other parts of Europe and asked professional people to make Julian calendar. -
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Due to the legislation and policy made by Caesar, the noble was very angry so that a conspiracy was made among about fifty senators——kill the Caesar.
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Roman statesman
After the death of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, he attempted to undermine the Sullan constitution, revive the populares faction and rebel. -
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first Roman emperor , following the republic
destroyed by the dictatorship of Julius Caesar , his great-uncle and adoptive father
the origin of August -
Internal pressure
size of empire is too large
expense to maintain the empire
epidemics
external pressure -
the first Roman imperial dynasty, consisting of the first five emperors—Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero[1]—or the family to which they belonged. They ruled the Roman Empire from its formation under Augustus in 27 BC, until AD 68 when the last of the line, Nero, committed suicide.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty -
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A young Jewish peasant, Jesus of Nazareth, in the remote province of Judaea in the Roman Empire began a brief three-year career of teaching and miracle working. Jesus was a rural or small-town worker from a distinctly lower-class family.
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the son of an ineffective praetor (military commander) and grandson of a noted consul and orator
he was elected a tribune and served as a staunch defender of Caesar against his rivals in the Senate.
stabbed himself with a sword but was then brought to die in Cleopatra’s arms. -
a gradual process, beginning effectively in AD 43 under Emperor Claudius, whose general Aulus Plautius served as first governor of Roman Britain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain -
a dynasty of seven Roman Emperors who ruled over the Roman Empire from 96 AD to 192 AD. These Emperors are Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Lucius Verus, Marcus Aurelius, and Commodus.
- Adoptive Emperors ensured the prosperity -
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan
a successful soldier-emperor who presided over the greatest military expansion in Roman history, leading the empire to attain its maximum territorial extent by the time of his death. Also known for his philanthropic rule, overseeing extensive public building programs and implementing social welfare policies, which earned him his enduring reputation as the second of the Five Good Emperors- presided over an era of peace and prosperity in the Mediterranean world -
By 268, the empire had split into three competing states: the Gallic Empire, including the Roman provinces of Gaul, Britannia and (briefly) Hispania; the Palmyrene Empire, including the eastern provinces of Syria Palaestina and Aegyptus; and the Italian-centered and independent Roman Empire, proper, between them.
Later, Aurelian (270–275) reunited the empire; the crisis ended with the ascension and reforms of Diocletian in 284. -
Diocletian's reign stabilized the empire and marks the end of the Crisis of the Third Century. He appointed fellow officer Maximian as Augustus, co-emperor, in 286. Diocletian reigned in the Eastern Empire, and Maximian reigned in the Western Empire.
approach: want to solve the problem by diving the empire into two regions and governed by co-emperors.
Result:civil war still happens -
approach:united Rome empire again
Result:shrinking income and increased external pressure
Founder of Constantinople -
Between about 376 and 382 the Gothic War against the Eastern Roman Empire, and in particular the Battle of Adrianople, is commonly seen as a watershed in the history of the Roman Empire, the first of a series of events over the next century that would see the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, although its ultimate importance to the Empire's eventual fall is still debated.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_War_(376%E2%80%93382) -
The fall of Western Roman Empire
