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During this time, new ideas and philosophies were being constructed by enlightenment thinkers about religion, government and the rights of the citizens.
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Enlightenment thinker, Thomas Hobbs, wrote his book Leviathan, where he explains his belief that the citizens agree to be governed by their government completely, in exchange for peace and protection.
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Enlightenment thinker, John Locke, wrote his philosophy that one person should not hold absolute power in a government over its people. He believed in a limited constitutional monarchy where people were given more freedoms, and had their natural rights given to them at birth of life, liberty, and property, protected.
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Enlightenment thinker, Baron de Montesquieu, wrote his belief of a constitutional monarchy where the power is divided into three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, written in his book, The Spirit of Laws.
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Enlightenment thinker, Jean Jaques-Rousseau, published his thoughts that the most successful form of government, would be where the people agreed to abide by the government in exchange for protection. He believed people still need to be given freedoms, and that if the government fails to protect its people, it should be stopped.
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At 20 years old, King Louis XVI becomes King of France just after the death of his grandfather, King Louis XIV.
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Called by the King, the Estates-General was an assembly composed of the First, Second, and Third Estates in France at the time, that met in an attempt to try to fix France's financial problem at the time. The Third Estates was paying 98% of taxes, compared to the First and Second Estates that were only paying 2% of taxes, creating a huge financial conflict in society.
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Philosophies and thoughts of Enlightenment thinkers were being taken more into consideration as France stood up for their rights as a country.
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After King Louis and members of the First and Second Estate locked the Third Estate members out of the meeting house, the Third Estate members broke into an abandoned tennis court where they pledged not to leave until a written constitution had been made for France.
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After King Louis XVI hired a group of solider's called the Swiss Guard as protection out of fear of his safety, the people of France thought they were here to kill them. They stormed the Bastille in search of gunpowder and protection.
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After the storming of the Bastille out of fear that the King had sent the Swiss Guard to kill them, French peasants, (of the Third Estate), spent the rest of the summer killing members of the Second Estate, (nobles).
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Inspired by Enlightenment thinkers ideas that the government should have a duty to protect its citizens, France published their new constitution. King Louis was not supportive and had nothing to do with it.
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After the island of the Taino's people was split between France and Spain, hundreds of thousands of slaves were brought over, and new slave leaders began to fight off the French until slaves were given freedom and rights, and the Island returned to its Taino's name, Haiti.
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After Columbus sailed to find North and South America, 700,000 slaves from Africa were brought to the Island of St. Domingue, under French territory. They were among only 32,000 French colonists, and eventually began to rebel.
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Enlightenment thinker Mary Wollstonecraft, published her work to help women come to the understanding of their rights and equality in comparison to men.
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After King Louis XVI was arrested for attempting to flee the country, France got rid of its constitutional monarchy, and claimed itself a republic with the motto, "Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite," meaning freedom, equality, and brotherhood.
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After trying to escape France with his wife and children, King Louis XVI was caught and locked up in prison where he was executed for being considered a "traitor to the Revolution." This sparked chaos in France, and caused the threat of other European nations like Austria and Prussia to grow.
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As the revolution in France continued and grew, thousands of French citizens were executed with little to no evidence. Robespierre thought that this was necessary for the growth of the Revolution, and that religion would be replaced with reason. He was unsuccessful, and was later executed.
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After slaves began to rebel against the French colonists who were a total of 32,000 to 500,000 slaves, Toussaint L'Ouverture, a rebel leader, chose to form an alliance with Spain in hope of freeing the slaves. The alliance was short lived when L'Ouverture joined France when they finally decided to outlaw slavery.
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After France's new constitution was drafted, a five man group, The Directory, fought to restore France by setting up elite schools, helping the economy recover, and making peace with countries like Spain and Prussia. They still remained at war with Austria and England.
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L'Ouverture and his ally, Andre Rigaud, worked together to lead slaves to freedom. But when they started to become successful, they began to fight for control of the island. L'Ouverture and his poorer slaves fought against Rigaud and his wealthier slaves.
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A constitution, where France is a constitutional monarchy, where all of the legislative powers went to a Legislative Assembly which could declare war and raise taxes as they wish, was declared.
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After defeating Rigaud and his army of wealthy slaves with the help of England, L'Ouverture is named the leader for life of the island. He proclaimed a new constitution where slavery is outlawed, citizens have equal rights to vote, and the religion of Voodoo was outlawed.
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L'Ouverture's new title angered people who rebelled in St. Domingue, especially Bonaparte Napolean, who had taken control of France. Napolean sent troops to St. Domingue to win it back, where half of L'Ouverture's army joined him since they did not realize France planned to enforce slavery once again. Jean-Jaques Dessalines, (one of L'Ouverture's former top General's), planned to capture L'Ouverture with the help of France.
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After realizing Napolean planned to enforce slavery again, Dessalines and other forces joined to end slavery and the French rule in St. Domingue. Napolean underestimated the number of troops he was up against, and pulled out. Dessalines proclaimed St. Domingue as the 1st nation of former slaves, and returned it to its Taino's name, Haiti. He outlawed slavery, gave citizens natural rights, and decided no European nation or US would trade with them.
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Latin and South America begin to break away from their European rule and gain their independence.
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After Father Miguel Hidalgo, (a Catholic Priest), began to push for Mexico's Independence, mestizo's and Native's rallied to the call, but many abandoned him when slavery was outlawed. Jose Moreals, (a Catholic Priest), carried Hidalgos banner after he died and he too was captured, shot and killed. Eventually, the King of Spain was forced to sign a new constitution, and the Republic of Mexico was declared.
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Simon Boliver arrives in Merida, Venezuela, and began to lead Revolutions, but was unsuccessful, and had to flee to Haiti in exile. He continued to fight for South America's freedom from Europe, and later went on to attack the Spanish from over the Andes Mountains, where he was successful. He continued to fight against them, and went on to claim many South American countries to their freedom. As he continued, he joined forces with Jose de San Martin.
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Creole, Jose San de Martin, joined forced with Boliver and together their army won the Battle of Chacabuco against the Spanish, claiming Chile's independence from Spain. Together, they went on to try and free other South American Countries from Spain.
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After winning Chile's independence from Spain, San Martin handed control of his armies to Boliver, who won the battle of Boyaca, claiming Columbia's independence from Spain. This became a turning point in the South and Latin American Revolutions, and giving Boliver an even more respected title. He went on to help free many other countries in South America.
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After the long Peruvian War to gain Peru's freedom from Spain, Jose San Martin finally declared Peru's independence. He later handed his controls of the country off to Simon Boliver.
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Made of a large area in both northern South America and Central America, the republic, Gran Columbia was formed to help the newly independent states recover from the war. Boliver became the founding president of Gran Columbia.
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