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Russia 1800- it was greatly rural, farming, and Tsars were absolute monarchs.
Alexander l however- Relaxed censorship, freed political prisoners, reformed educational system -
Congress of Vienna: Led by Klemens von Metternich. Meeting of European powers to reestablish powers after Napoleons rule.
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France, Louis XVIII was a moderate, he pleased neither side. He expected Napoleons codes and made a bicameral legislature. -
Congress of Vienna, Italy: It established 9 Italy states. Many of them were reactionary governments. Much of Italy was dominated by Austria. -
Spain- Ferdinand VII was put on the thrown. Ferdinand battled the Cortes. Army officers and middle-class merchants overthrew the king. -
Britain was governed by land-owning elite (Parliament)
New and expanding cities underrepresented in parliament. -
Corn Laws took place in Great Britain. Tories passed these laws. It placed high tariffs on foreign grain. Benefited land owners but devastated poor people. -
Prussia had been the most liberated state.the abolished serfdom and expanded education. -
Prussia- Federic William had become more reactionary. In response educated people formed Burschenschaften, it was a secret German society for a free nation. -
Honored Martin Luthers 300 anniversary of 95 thesis by burning conservative books. Martin Luther was seen as a forward thinking so it only made sense to burn conservative books during this time. -
Aix-la-Chapelle: It lifted occupation of France. France became part of the Quintuple Alliance. (Austria, Prussia, Russia, Great Britain, France) -
Peterloo Massacre took place in Great Britain. Calvary attacked 60,000 people, 11 died. Parliament reacted by clamping down on demonstrations, distribution of pamphlets -
Metternich drew up the Karlsbd Decrees. This
ended the Burschenschaften, censored the press, and watched universities closely. This was a step back for the people. -
Troppau: Held in response to outbreaks in Spain and Italy. States that undergo revolutions would be not allowed in alliance. -
Laibach: Austria, Russia, and Prussia authorized Austria to invade Naples. -
Venezuela was liberated by Simón Bolivar. Also Peru was liberated by José de San Martin. -
Greeks revolted against the Ottoman Empire. This was also called the double edged sword. -
France/Spain- France invaded Spain to put Ferdinand back on the thrown. France got Europe into this mess, now it’s the one saving it. -
France- Charles X was next in line after his brother. He wanted to bring the Catholic Church back into Frances education. -
Russia- Rebellion happened so Nicholas became very conservative. He feared another revolt. He had secret police and was willing to use military to crush revolts. -
France: Charles accepts that his ministers must be responsible to the legislature -
Treaty of Adrianople allowed Russia, France, and Britain to decide Greece’s fate. This allowed for Greeks to be free. -
France: Charles violates his agreement. He dissolved parliament calling for new elections. -
Greece gets independence. -
Great Britain: Tories and Whigs were the two political parties. Whigs gained support from industrial middle class. Tories stayed conservative.
