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1095
Pope Urban called for the crusades
The Catholics wanted to take the holy land from the Muslims. -
1200
Crusades cause a big change
At this time the commercial revolution began, kings and landlords, lost power and traders and merchants grew in power due to people's eyes opening to new foreign goods. -
1254
Marco Polo was born
In 1254 Marco Polo was born. -
1293
The Polos came back home.
The Polos came back from their journey to Asia. -
1298
Marco Polo was captured
Marco Polo was captured which led him to write his book. -
1415
Portuguese captured the Fortress of Ceuta
In 1415 the Portuguese captured the Fortress of Ceuta which was in Africa. This led to the Portuguese setting up trading posts in Africa. -
1419
Portugal discovered the Madeira Islands
Portugal discovered the Madeira Islands which encouraged Prince Henry to navigate farther south. -
1427
Discovery of the Azores Islands
Portugal discovered the Azores Islands, which encouraged explorers and scientists to navigate along the coasts of Africa -
1434
Prince Henry's return
Prince Henery returned back to Portugal in 1434. This inspired Portugal to explore even further. -
1469
Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella
Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile. This marriage unified Catholic Spain which allowed Spain to become more competitive with the rest of the world. -
1485
Columbus approaches king of Portugal
In 1485 Christopher Columbus presented his plan of sailing west to the king of Portugal in hopes of obtaining ships and money. He was rejected. -
1488
Días got to the tip of Africa
In 1488 Bartolomeu días went all the way down the coast of Africa. He made it to the tip and wanted to go further but his crew refused. -
1492
Discovery of America
Columbus discovered America leading to the discovery of new foods and animals. -
1498
Da Gama reaches India
Da Gama finally reached India which led Portugal to be one of the richest countries in Europe. -
Thomas Hobbes wrote "The Leviathan Government"
He argues that people are equal, but we have differences. He also says that we view ourselves better than others, and when two or more people want the same thing wars start. -
John Locke wrote "The Second Treatise on Government"
He argues that all men are equal and live without a common superior on Earth. Man is their own superior. -
Declaration of Independence of the United States of America
The U.S. declares independence from Britain claiming that people have the right to declare independence from an unjust ruler. -
Declaration of the Rights of Man
The representatives of France decided to write the document that started the French Revolution. This document argued for human rights and talked about the rights of man by throwing off the current government and creating a new one. -
The Haitian revolution
In 1791 slaves of Haiti decided to revolt for increased rights and freedom. -
Success of the rebellion
The slaves had succeeded in ending slavery and French control over the island. This became the first successful slave revolution ever. -
Spanish invasion
The French Emperor at the time Napoleon Bonaparte invaded the Spanish. Therefore Napoleon became the ruler of Spain. Bolívar was very disappointed that Napoleon wasn't following the ideology of the French revolution, so he wanted to make changes. -
Grito de Dolores
Hidalgo wanted to fight. He rang the church bells and called the Mestizos and Indians to fight against Spanish forces. They were successful in capturing Guadanajuanto and other western Mexican cities. -
Invasion of Venezuela
Bolívar and his soldiers invaded Venezuela which started the Admirable Campaign which was successful and Venezuela became independent and free of the Spanish. -
freedom of Santiago, Chile
San Martín ambushed Spanish soldiers and liberated Santiago, Chile. -
Economic crisis
A depression occurred causing many banks to fail which led to Moses Austin losing almost all of his fortune. -
Moses Austin Moved to Texas
Moses Austin moved to Texas in hopes to regain his wealth after the depression -
Mexican Independence
Far after Hidalgo Mexico gained independence from Spain. -
Freedom of Peru
San Martín traveled to Peru and took control of the capital where he then proceeded to proclaim Peru independent from Spain. -
Colonization Law
Mexico passed the Imperial Colonization Law which made Austin's grant of land secure to bring settlers from the U.S. -
Austin's capital
Austin created a capital city for his colony named San Felipe de Austin. -
Changes in Peru
In the year 1824 Bolívar became the supreme leader and dictator of Peru. -
Constitution of 1824
Colonists came into Mexico under this constitution. It said that the president would govern the country and have a congress to make and appoint laws. It stated that it was a federalist government. -
4 new colonies
Austin was able to acquire contracts to construct four new colonies in 1825. -
Republic of Fredonia
Benjamin Edwards started the Republic of Fredonia and declared independence from Mexico. -
San Felipe expanded
San Felipe now contained 100-200 residents. -
Gen. Mier y Teran's report
Gen. Mier y Teran wrote about how the Texans could take on all of Mexico. -
new Mexican law against Texas
The Mexican government created a law that prevents Texas from getting too much power. It prevented immigration from the U.S., suspended all empresario grants, prevented slaves from coming to Texas, and more soldiers and troops came into Texas to supervise them. -
Turtle Bayou Resolutions
The Texans states that they were not attacking Mexico and still were supporting Santa Anna and the Mexican Constitution from 1824. -
Convention of 1832
The Texans desired separate statehood inside of Mexico, but they still decided not to wage war already. The Texan's demands were separate statehood, the April 6th law removed, better schools, mail service improvements, and more protection from the Native Americans. They also wanted Land titles for settlers in East Texas. -
Convention of 1833
The Texans came together and created a constitution to apply for separate statehood. They chose Stephen F. Austin to ask for approval. -
Santa anna election
Santa Anna was elected as the president of all of Mexico. -
Austin travels to Mexico
Austin went to Mexico to present his case. This year Santa Anna also became a dictator, and could not meet with Austin. While Austin waited he wrote a letter telling the authorities to already organize Texas as a separate state of Mexico. Later the two finally met and Santa Anna agreed to everything but separate statehood. Authorities received the letter he earlier sent and he was convicted of treason and sent to jail for over two years. -
Consultation of 1835
Texas yet again held a meeting, this time the Texans were divided into two groups. One group wanted to remain peaceful with Mexico, and the other wanted war and independence. -
Start of the Texas Revolution
General Cos ordered Texas to give all their weapons back including a small brass cannon. The Texas refused and the Revolution Begun. -
Gonzales surprise attack
In the morning the Texan volunteers surprised the Mexicans at Gonzales. They tried to come to an agreement but it didn't work out, and the Mexicans were forced to retreat. -
Goliad Campaign
Collinsworth, Milam, and 50 other Texan soldiers traveled to Goliad. they surprised 30 Mexican and Presidio La Bahía and captured them. Their morale and weapons increased. -
Grass Fight
Erasmus Smith told Texans that Mexican cavalry along with supply mules was coming to San Antonio. The Texans captured the supply mules to find out they were only carrying grass. -
The Siege of San Antonio
The Texans defeated General Cos and his men, allowing for the city of San Antonio to fall under Texan control. They collected many weapons and materials. -
Start of the Alamo
Mexican forces started the 13-day-long bombardments of the Alamo. -
Conclusion of the battle of the Alamo
Mexico won the battle with 600 casualties as opposed to the 200 Texan defenders who lost their lives. The Mexican army spared some women and children. -
Goliad Massacre
1,400 Mexican troops under Fannin were surrounded. Santa Anna refused to let them go and executed 342 men at gunpoint. Sympathy for the fallen Texans grew in America. -
Battle of San Jacinto
The Texans ambushed the Mexicans while they were sleeping and defeated all of them in just 18 minutes. During this time they shouted "remember the Alamo," and "Remember Goliad" to commemorate their fallen. -
Treaty of Velasco
This Treaty recognized Texas as an independent nation that is not under Mexican control. It stated a ceasefire and withdrawal of armies. The Mexicans also promised to give back property and prisoners.