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The Democratic party is the oldest official political party in the United States. Originally the Democratic party was extremely popular in the south due to their views on slavery, where they opposed giving political and civil rights to African Americans.
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The Republican party was founded by anti-slavery activists who were meeting in upper midwestern states, the founding of the party occurred at one of these meetings after the Kansas, Nebraska act had practically destroyed their previous party known as the "Whigs".
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Fremont was called on by republicans to make the call to congress to abolish slavery, Fremont did not win the election. He received nearly 2/5th of the electoral votes.
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President Abraham Lincoln was the first ever Republican elected president.
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During the mid 20th century the two parties underwent a massive change in their beliefs and ideologies, the republican party took on a more conservative view point, while the democratic party began to identify itself as a party supportive of civil rights, organized labor etc.
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The liberal party was originally just the Liberal party of New York state and was first founded to assist Franklin D Roosevelt secure the ballot line against his opponent.
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The socialist party has views and values such as equality between race, gender, sexual orientation, and economic status, who are typically against capitalism.
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This party uses a religious based perspective towards the principals and ideals of the constitution.
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This party believes that the systems of America are in need of reforming in order to improve the lives of Americans as well as the government as a system.
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The green party is an environmentally based party striving for action to be taken on issues such as climate change, pollution, etc. They are considered a third party and were officially founded in 2001.