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Charles Darwin, 1809-1882
To answer Paley's argument of "intelligent design", Darwin wrote in his two books the "Red Notebook" and "Transmutation Notebooks B to E". In these works he describes "natural selection". He continuously performed experiments to provide evidence to his theory. His work decisively disproved the need for an all powerful "designer". References:
Ayala, Francisco J. (2007, May 15) Darwin's Greatest Discovery: design without designer https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0701072104#sec-4 -
Charles Darwin, 1809-1882
Charles Darwin also contributed to a huge paradigm shift from relying on all aspects of the universe to be interpreted through the lens of God. By establishing natural laws that were testable and observable concerning the natural design of organism, scientists and the masses were able to shift to understanding the universe and it's contents through factual education and knowledge. References:
Ayala, Francisco J. (2007, May15) https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0701072104#sec-4 -
Charles Darwin, 1809-1882
In 1859, Charles Darwin released the book "The Origin of Species" detailing how organisms evolved according to the laws of nature. This contributed overall to the philosophy of science because it changed how scientists viewed the design of organisms occurring naturally in a scientific manner. References: Ayala, Francisco J. (2007, May 15) Darwin's greatest discovery: Design without designer https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0701072104#sec-4 -
Charles Darwin, 1809-1882
Image References:
https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/life-sciences/evolutionary-biology/origin-species-means-natural-selection-or-preservation-favoured-races-struggle-life-6th-edition?format=PB https://inventingrealityeditingservice.typepad.com/inventing_reality_editing/2013/04/use-man-vs-gods-conflict-to-heighten-tension.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_8374000/8374777.stm https://advising.utah.edu/majors/quick-look/philosophy-of-science.php -
Charles Darwin, 1809-1882
Youtube Educational Video:
Darwin and Natural Selection: Crash Course History of Science #22
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dfsUz2O2jww