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1517
Environmental versions - Protest camps
Protest camps are when big groups of people walk or stand outside a building with posters to make there feelings known. The first ever protest was in 1517, by Martin Luther. He protesting at various Church practices to a church door in Wittenberg -
Changes in demand - Commuting
The word commuter comes from early days of rail travel in US cities, such as New York, Philadelphia, Boston and Chicago. In the 1840s, the railways engendered suburbs from which travellers paying a reduced or 'commuted' fare into the city. -
Political and legal changes - Taxes
In 1920, an excise duty was introduced that was specifically applied to motor vehicles; initially it was hypothecated for road construction and was paid directly into a special Road Fund. -
Changes in demand - Increase of car ownership
In the 1930s it was the beginning of motor revolution in Britain with more than 2 million motorised vehicles on Britains roads. Car ownership then grew from 19 million in 1971 to over 31 million in 2007. Currently in the UK over 43 million people have one or two cars. Car ownership increasing has led to these environmental problems; pollution damage, congestion and environmental damage. There has also been a drop in demand for people using public transport due to the increase of car ownership. -
Changes in demand - Customer lifestyle
In the 1950s people would have to work 50 hours which was a normal working week. However now in 2023 we have more leisure time due to paid holidays and annual leave. Due to the reasons for extra leisure time, it has brought in the seasonality of travel and tourism. -
Environmental versions - Widening motorways
The idea to widen the motorway was made in 1960 by Greater London council who developed a plan to construct a network of ring roads around the city.Construction on the motorway began in 1975 and complete in 1986. In 1990, UK transportation announced plans on widening the motorway. The first expansion happened in 1995; they added different junctions to the motorway, over the years the motorway has had more expansions added.The last expansion was made in 2009. -
Political and legal changes - Planning regulations
Travel plan is a package of actions designed by a workplace, school or other organisation to encourage safe, healthy and sustainable travel options. This is done to reducing car travel, travel plans can improve health and wellbeing, free up car parking space, and make a positive contribution to the community and the environment. The term has now been replaced to the green transport plan in the UK. The plan first emerged in the US in the 1970s and later transferred to the Netherlands in 1989. -
Environmental versions - emissions
Since 1970, CO2 emissions increased by 90%, with emissions rom fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes contributing to about 78% of the total greenhouse gas emissions increase from 1970 to 2011. -
Environmental versions - Noise pollution
Noise pollution was first discovered in 1971 by the World Health Organisation. They recognised that noises are a environmental threat to health The five causes of noise pollution is traffic noise, air traffic noise, construction sites, animals, catering and night life. However, WHO defines anything above 65 decibels as noise pollution. Above 75 decibels is known as harmful noise pollution and anything above 120 decibels is known as painful noise pollution. -
Political and legal changes - Privatisation
In 1986, Thatcher deregulated the buses. Buses are deregulated in Scotland, Wales and England (except for London). This means not only the buses are run by private companies, but that local authorities can't regulate those private companies. The government divided the company (Transport for London) into 13 geographical subsidiary companies. In 1992 the government announced that the subsidiaries would be sold into the private sector and by 1994 the privatisation of LBL was completed. -
Political and legal changes - Air passenger duty (APD)
Air passenger duty is a tax on passenger flights which are flying from the UK to domestic and international destinations. APD follows a band structure on where duty rates are varied by destinations and class of travel. Charges for commercial flights vary from £13 to £180. However, there are higher charges for private planes of charters. The APD was first introduced to regulate bigger aircrafts. Currently the APD is now a way to raise money; the APD also has environmental benefits. -
Products / service innovation - Opening Channel tunnel
The Channel tunnel also known as the 'Euro tunnel' is a tunnel which goes from the UK to France. The Channel tunnel is one of the biggest engineering projects in the UK. It took 5 years with more than 13,000 workers from England and France. The idea of the tunnel was produced in 1802, construction then started in 1988 and finished in 1993. The Eurostar services started when the tunnel opened in November 1994. -
Products / service innovation - Introduction of budget airlines
In 1997 low cost carriers took off with the deregulation of Europe's domestic travel markets. There was a liberalisation which had to be put in place , however once it was put into place airlines could fly wherever and whenever they wanted. The determination of routes changed from the government's hands to the airlines which allowed them to work it out with the airports. Budget airlines have had a massive impact on the t&t industry with there cheap prices allowing more people to travel. -
Technology - Online check - in
The first online check - in was offered by Alaska airlines in 1999. Alaska airlines check - in was only offered to the general public on selected flights. Now in 2023 online check - in is available on almost every airline. -
Changes in demand - Income
Over the years income has expanded due to the minimum wage going up from £3.60 in 1999 to £9.50 in 2022. This has brought peoples wages to go up and has allowed them to spend there wages on more luxuries such as holidays. -
Political and legal changes - Congestion charges
Congestion charges were first introduced in 2003 to reduce congestion around the city. Congestion charges is a tax you have to pay if you drive through a certain area which is known as a 'congestion zone'. If you don't pay the charge you will be fined. You will find congestion zones in major cities such as Bath, London and Birmingham. -
Technology - Smart motorways
The first smart motorway was the M42, which opended in 2006. A smart motorway is a section of the motorway that uses traffic management methods to increase capacity andto reduce congestion on the roads particularly in busy areas. This method includes using the hard shoulder as a running lane and using variable speed limits to control the flow of traffic. -
Environmental versions - Airport expansions
By 2050, there are seven expansions planned, these are Bristol Airport, Heathrow airport, Leeds Bradford Airport, Luton Airport, Manston airport, Southampton Airport and Stansted airport. Gatwick Airport is expected to apply for permission to expand in future and London City airport has paused airport expansion plans. The expansions are only permitted by the government climate advisors and the climate change committee if there are no more than 25% growth in aviation passenger numbers.