-
Sultan Abdülmecid I called for the formation of the ministry of education and preparatory military schools
-
Abdülmecid I issued the Imperial Reform Edict which promised an equality of education, government and administration of justice.
-
Abdul Hamid II promulgated the constitution that was written by the Young Turks. THe constitution only lasted 2 yeasrs and was later known as the First Constitutional Era
-
Abdülhamid II called for the construction of the Hejaz railroad in order to rally other Muslims and created difficulties for the European Imperial powers.