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Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna, had recognized the existence of 38 independent German states (called the German Confederation) -
Belgium revelation
Belgium, which had been annexed to the former Dutch Republic, rebelled and created an independent state. Both Poland and Italy, which were ruled by foreign powers, made efforts to break free. -
LIBERALISM AND NATIONALISM arrived
the forces of change—liberalism and nationalism—began to break through the conservative domination of Europe. -
HARDSHIP IN FRANCE, ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
Revolution in France was again the spark for revolution in other countries. Severe economic problems brought untold hardship in France to the lower middle class, workers, and peasants. -
Demonstrations erupted in the major cities
Demonstrations erupted in the major cities. To calm the demonstrators, the Hapsburg court dismissed Metternich, the Austrian foreign minister, who fled to England. -
Preparation of the constitution
An all-German parliament, called the Frankfurt Assembly, was held to fulfill a liberal and nationalist dream—the preparation of a constitution for a new united Germany. -
Emptied the treasury
This emptied the treasury and frightened the moderates, who reacted by closing the workshops -
MONARCHY OVERTHROW
The monarchy was finally overthrown in 1848. A group of moderate and radical republicans set up a provisional, or temporary, government. The republicans were people who wanted France to be a republic—a government in which leaders are elected. -
Nationalistes everywhere had revolted
Nationalities everywhere had also revolted in pursuit of selfgovernment. However, little was achieved as divisions among nationalities proved disastrous. The Hungarians, for example, sought their freedom from the Austrians. -
News
News of the 1848 revolution in France led to upheaval in other parts of Europe. -
liberal and nationalist successes
Despite liberal and nationalist successes in France and Belgium, the conservative order still dominated much of Europe as the midpoint of the nineteenth century approached. However, the forces of liberalism and nationalism continued to grow. -
Second Republic
The new French constitution, set up a republic called the Second Republic. The Second Republic had a single legislature elected by universal male suffrage. -
Charles Louis Napoleon
In the elections for the presidency held, Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (called Louis-Napoleon), the nephew of the famous French ruler, won a resounding victory. -
The monarchy was finally overthrown
. A group of moderate and radical republicans set up a provisional, or temporary, government. The republicans were people who wanted France to be a republic—a government in which leaders are elected. -
Hungry revolutionaries were subdued
With the help of a Russian army of 140,000 men, the Hungarian revolutionaries were finally subdued.
