-
Latin
Medieval Latin was the form of Latin used in the Middle Ages, primarily as a medium of scholarly exchange and as the liturgical language of the medieval Roman Catholic Church, but also as a language of science, literature, law, and administration. Despite the clerical origin of many of its authors, Medieval Latin should not be confused with Ecclesiastical Latin. There is no real consensus on the exact boundary where Late Latin ends and Medieval Latin begins -
Lingua Franca
French as a lingua franca French was the language of diplomacy in Europe from the 17th century until its recent replacement by English, and as a result is still a working language of international institutions and is seen on documents ranging from passports to airmail letters. -
Grammar translation method
It was designed according to the faculty psychology approach which was very popular during the 18th and 19th century
Through translation of specially constructed sentences that were keyed to lessons centred on particular grammatical points, learners could be exposed to the grammatical and stylistic range of the target language in an economical and systematic way. -
Language teaching innovations in the 19th century
Parts of Europe like Germany, England, France, new approaches to language teaching were developed by individual language teaching specialists, each with a specific method for reforming the teaching of modern languages. -
C. Marcel
Referred to child langauge learning as a model for language teaching, emphasized the importance of meaning in learning, proposed that reading be taught before other skills, and tried to locate language teaching within a broader eduactional frame work. -
T. Prendergast
Proposed the first ''structural syllabus'' advocating that learner be taught the most basic structural patterns occurring in the language. -
F. Gouing
Developed an approach to teaching a foreign language based on observations of children's use of language.
Established schools to teach according to his method and it was quite popular for a time. -
The reform movement
Dissatisfaction with the practice of teaching modern languages by such text-based methods came to a head in the Reform Movement of the 1880s–90s, among scholars and teachers in Germany, Scandinavia, France, and Britain who were interested in the practical possibilities of a science of speech -
Internation Phonetic Association
Linguistists emphasized that speech, rather than the written word, was the primary form of language.
The IPA was designed to enable the sounds of any language to be accurately transcribed -
Direct Method
Rather than using analytical procedures that focus on explanation of grammar rules in classroom teaching, teachers must encourage direct and spontaneous use of foreign language in the classroom. Learners than would be able to induce rules of grammar. -
Audioligual Method and the Situational Method
The thing in common that the different teaching approaches and methods is the belief that if language learning is to be improved, it will come about through changes and improvements in teaching methodology -
Based teaching
Content-Based Instruction and Task-Based Language Teaching emerged as new approaches to language teaching as did movements such as Competency-Based Instruction that focus on the out-comes of learning rather than methods of teaching. -
Post method era
Kumaravadivelu (1994) was among the first who questioned the quest for the best method arguing that method concept limited teachers and learners and consequently prevented them from achieving their full potentiality. In addition, he argued that methods abandoned learners and teachers’ creativity through prescribing a set of techniques to be used by teachers without full understanding on the part of its users -
Communicative Language Teaching
Is an approach to the teaching of second and foreign languages, emphasizes interaction as both the means and the ultimate goal of learning a language. It is also referred to as “Communicative Approach”. Historically, CLT has been seen as a response to the Audio-Lingual Method (ALM), and as an extension or development of the Notional-Functional Syllabus. Task-based language learning, a more recent refinement of CLT, has gained considerably in popularity.