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Definition: Risorgimento was a 19th century political and social movement that lead to the consolidation of various parts of the Italian peninsula into one independent Italian state.
Rationale: This is a map of the independent nation of Italy. -
Definition: Italy occupied the Papal states and after some time, through the backing of the plebiscite, annexed the Papal states and Rome into Italy.
Rationale: A map of the Papal States and when they were annexed b Italy -
Definition: Italy planned to expand it's colonial region into the horn of Africa through Ethiopia, but failed in a decisive defeat near the town of Adwa.
Rationale: Painting depicting the Battle of Adowa -
Definition: An Italian invasion of Libya during the Italo-Turkish war that lasted until November 1911. Libya was then an Italian possession until 1943.
Rationale: Map of Libya and Italy including Italian movements towards Libya. -
Definition: Mussolini was a socialist in his early political career and was one of the editors for the Socialist Party newspaper Avanti until October 1914 before he was expelled from the party.
Rationale: An Avanti newspaper headline about Mussolini. -
Definition: Through WW1 Mussolini grew increasingly further from socialist ideals and eventually was kicked out of the party for supporting Italy's entry into WW1 for nationalist reasons.
Rationale: A headline of the newspaper Mussolini started after he was kicked out of the Socialist Party -
Definition: A treaty between Italy, France, and Britain to guarantee Italy's participation in WW1 in return for land. Some of the land promised to Italy in the treaty was never given to them.
Rationale: A map of Italy with the land promised to them in the Treaty of London. -
Definition: 'The Red Years' were two years where socialists went on many violent strikes and it seemed as if Italy was going to become socialist controlled. The fascist action squads were created to stop the socialists.
Rationale: Picture of armed socialists outside a factory during the Biennio Rosso. -
Rationale: An advertisement for the Fascio di Combattimento meeting. -
Definition: After the Treaty of Versailles and the mutilated peace D'Annunzio took control of the city of Fiume which was a highly desired region for Italian nationalist. D'Annunzio was in control for 15 months before he was kicked out.
Rationale: A picture of D'Annunzio. -
Definition: Mussolini makes an agreement to work with Giolitti in order to gain parliament seats in the next election. He does not gain as many seats as desired.
Rationale: A picture of Giolitti. -
Definition: The PNF/Fascist Party/Partito Nazionale Fascista is created as a real political party that can participate in government.
Rationale: A picture of the official PNF symbol. -
Definition: The Ras convince Mussolini to organize a march on Rome to demand the king appoint Mussolini Prime Minister. Successful.
Rationale: Picture of the Black Shirts marching towards Rome. -
Definition: A diplomatic and military incident between Greece and Italy when an Italian general was killed in Greece. Mussolini sent an ultimatum to Greece and, when rejected, sent forces to occupy Corfu until September 27, 1923.
Rationale: A picture of Italian troops being dispatched to Greece. -
Definition: The party with the majority vote (must be over 25%) gets 2/3 of the parliament seats. Used by Mussolini to get a fascist majority government.
Rationale: A visual representation of the parliamentary seat distribution under the Acerbo Law. -
Definition: After the April elections Matteotti shows evidence of voting fraud. Mussolini orders the Ceka to kidnap and kill Matteotti. Mussolini's involement in the death is clear and he loses much support as a result.
Rationale: A picture of Matteotti. -
Definition: Because of the Matteotti crisis and the violence and censorship of the fascist government, various political party members walk out of the government to strip Mussolini from power. Failed.
Rationale: Various politicians standing outside the parliament building. -
Definition: A campaign launched with hopes of reaching a self-sufficient level of wheat production. While the campaign did increase national wheat production and decreased the trade gap, but it was also detrimental to the production of other crops, especially livestock.
Rationale: Pictures of some of the farmers working with wheat. -
Definition: The treaty was a way to help secure peace after WW1 and improve relations with Germany who felt cheated after the Treaty of Versailles. The success of the Locarno Treaty is debated.
Rationale: The Locarno Treaty meeting with heads of state. -
Definition: The Battle for Land was the campaign to clear the marshland to make it available to farm, as well as reducing health risks in that area. The Battle for the Lira was an economic policy aimed at increasing Italy's status as a great power b strengthening the purchasing power of the Lira.
Rationale: Picture of water being drained to reform the marshland in the Battle for Land. -
Definition: In an effort to increase the national population, Mussolini banned contraception and put other policies in place to encourage traditional female roles as wife and mother to increase reproduction rates.
Rationale: Picture of babies in a nursery in an attempt to raise the population. -
Definition: Agreements between the King of Italy and the Roman Catholic Pope to settle territory disputes. The Vatican City became an independent state under holy control, and also compensated the Catholic Church for the loss of the Papal states.
Rationale: A picture of the main people involved in the Lateran Treaty. -
Definition: An agreement made between various countries to refrain from using war as a policy for solving disputes or conflicts of any nature. The success of this treaty is disputed.
Rationale: Political cartoon of the Kellogg-Briand Treaty. -
Definition: Agreement between Italy, France, and Britain reaffirming the Locarno Treaty and agreeing to resist any more German attempts to change the Treaty of Versailles. It broke down completely after 2-3 months.
Rationale: Picture of leaders on their way to the meetings. -
Definition: After trying to secure and agree on borders between Ethiopia and British Somalia, there was an incident that lead to a few days of fighting between Ethiopians and Italians/Somalians.
Rationale: A political cartoon of the Abyssinian Crisis. -
Definition: Italy got involved in the Spanish Civil War in support of the nationalists.
Rationale: A map of the political lines during the Spanish Civil war. -
Definition: The treaty that made the coalition between Germany and Italy. Later it was reinforced by the Pact of Steel and was made to include Japan.
Rationale: A picture of Mussolini and Hitler shaking hands after the treaty. -
Definition: An agreement of part of German populated Czechoslovakia being seceded to Germany despite treaties and promises made otherwise. This agreement was seen as a prevention of a major war.
Rationale: Picture with the leaders present at the Munich conference. -
Definition: A military campaign where Italy took control of Albania as a protectorate as colonial expansion.
Rationale: A map including the movements Italy made into Albania. -
Definition: Italy entered WWII in support of Nazi Germany despite not having military alliances with either Germany or the Allies. Later in the war Italy flips sides after a successful coup against Mussolini.
Rationale: A picture of the flags of the different members of the Axis Powers. -
Definition: After military setbacks the Fascist Grand Council votes him out and the King orders him to resign. He is then arrested and imprisoned.
Rationale: A picture of Mussolini getting on a German plane to escape after the coup. -
Definition: Mussolini and his mistress are shot by a communist-led group of partisans.
Rationale: A picture of Mussolini's body hanging after he was killed.