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Formation of Independent Italy
Italy was initially ruled under the Austrians. Through the rising of the Risorgimento Nationalist Movement, the Italians got enough leverage to declare their own freedom despite the significant setbacks that encouraged Italian struggle. -
Papal States taken over by new nation of Italy
Italy--now independent--set goals for the terre irredente, obtaining new lands to essentially get more power under their control. Consequently, Papal states and Rome were the lands that were taken over to gain control -
Failure of First Italo-Ethiopian War with the Battle of Adowa (Adwa)
Italy desired to invade Ethiopia because it wanted more land to influence and more power overall. Italy sought to gain this power and become the leading European nation as it confiscated and took control over more and more land. The numbers within their military and the lack of technological advancements however, set the Italians backwards and drove them to defeat. -
Italy invades and takes over Libya
Italy did not want interference with the French influence within Libya, so Italy gained control over Libya and invaded the territory to decrease the competition of political influence. This act was much more aggressive as to prove they are better than what happened with Ethiopia. -
Mussolini begins work as editor for the Socialist Party newspaper Avanti
Socialist viewpoints protruded from this newspaper especially that of Mussolini and formed stances against the Italian Government. Mussolini utilized this media to gain coverage and control over the public, and as he grew more popular, he advocated for revolts and strikes. Avanti advocated for neutrality however, and this was mainly agreed upon among the Italians besides Mussolini--wanting war. -
Mussolini kicked out for Socialist Party for pro-nationalistic sentiments regarding WWI
The issues with the Avanti lead to the strain on Mussolini and the Socialist Party. The support for the WWI intervention lead to Mussolini getting kicked out of the Socialist Party. This demonstrates the double-sidedness of Mussolini's political views -
Italy signs the Treaty of London
The Treaty of London was between Italy and the Allied Forces to collaborate on their side in WWI. This went against the greater population of Italy and was performed in secrecy. -
Beginning of Biennio Rosso
Biennio Rosso occurred because of the uprising from unemployment, which broke into strikes, riots, protests, etc. The government did not do much besides make food committees (not solving the issues at hand). A divide was eventually created between the liberal government and the people because of the lack of discipline. -
Fascio di Combattimento formed in Milan
In Milan, people that joined were considered the fascist of the first hour. The goal for the assembly and Fascio di Combattimento was to form an alliance between nationalists and socialists and bring unity using the opposition of the liberal government. -
D'Annuxio takes Fiume
Mussolini ended up being inspired by the conquest for Fiume, despite the Fascists of the First Hour's overshadowing. This was done to protest the Allies and liberal government. Because of how much power was at stake, Mussolini along with no fascist people were elected that November. -
Mussolini forms alliance with Giolitti
A coalition was formed between Mussolini and the leader of the liberal government. The liberals were scared of a domination of fascists and so to prevent this, an agreement was signed. Mussolini wanted here to cap the power of socialist all while growing his own power and influence on Italy. -
Mussolini forms the PNF (fascist party) and is elected its leader
Mussolini formed the PNF from the Fasci di Combattimento into the fascist political party when signing the pact of pacification. This increased validity toward the fascist image and Mussolini. -
March on Rome and Mussolini becomes the Prime Minister
Disputes between the ras and Mussolini during the liberal alliance, the ras was irritated and created a plan to seize power. Mussolini was placed at opportunity cost and either lost or gained power by rushing Rome. The King was forced to declare martial law, which put Mussolini ultimately in charge of being the prime minister. -
Acerbo Law passed
Party Votes were controlled as Mussolini declared he would strengthen fascist rule in Italy. Many were unsettled at the law statement that the winning part of 2/3 vote won parliament seats, yet opposition grew after an indirect threat from Mussolini to abolish the parliament. -
The Corfu Incident
Italians were killed in Greese and the Corfu Incident was a result of that as Mussolini "needed" to show power and Italian unity and proclaimed attacks. Tensions with Italy and the LON were heightened as the event was against the LON and the LON showed weakness as it gave into its lack of structure. -
Start of the Matteotti Crisis and August Aventine Secession
Matteotti was killed by fascists after he spoke out against their use of violence (ironic). Once again the government failed to take proper action, creating more opposition. Mussolini then took full responsibility for Matteotti's death and deferred his campaign. -
Locarno Treaty signed
German borders were strengthened as the treaty was signed, then impacting the Versailles Treaty. This removed significant negative impacts on Italy yet they were not given as much land as initially stated. Mussolini was in favor of this as he was able to oversee the spread of power. -
Battle for Grain
Mussolini wanted to help Italy become more independent and old crops were halted to make room for newer crops so Italians could learn more self sufficiency. This was a downfall as Italy still relied on imports because almost all old crops were halted--people lost a lot of money. -
Battle for Land and the Battle for the Lira
Mussolini needed more land. He was successful in some farmland by Pontine Marshes near Rome. Mussolini re-valued the Lira damaging the Italians who relied on imports. Italian Recession begun as Italian goods became more expensive in other countries. -
Battle for Births
Mussolini wanted to grow italian power and he wanted to do so by making women stay home and make babies for a future army of men. Women were declined in the workforce and paid less and tax benefits were given to married couples and families of 6 or more kids to increase the chance of babies. Abortion, divorce, and same sex relations were banned to also increase the chance of women having babies. This did not work as more men went off to war because women took over the workforce for men. -
Kellogg-Briand Treaty signed
This treaty was signed in attempt to abolish war and bring about peace between nations. Italy was forced to sign in hopes to gain global support and make the public image for italy better. -
Lateran Treaty with Pope
This Treaty states that the Hole Sea was still free from Mussolini's Italy and Mussolini kept stable relations with the pope, and supported Catholicism as the official religion of Italy. Tensions still sprung up because people though that Pope was a fascist collaborator yet Mussolini never had foll church control. -
Stresa Front
Germany wanted to break the terms of the treaty of Versailles and France, Britain, and Italy all signed against Germany along the terms of the Kellog-Briand Treaty. -
Abyssinian Crisis
The LON was upset with Italy over its anger with Ethiopia. Economic sanctions were placed upon both Mussolini and Italy which prolonged Italy's self-sufficiency and the coalition between France Italy and Britain created with the Stresa Front. -
Italian involvement with Spanish Civil War
Throughout the Spanish Civil War, there was a group of fascist rebels who opposed the government. Mussolini wanted to support this group and eventually so did Hitler by leading Italy and German cooperation. -
Rome-Berlin Axis Treaty signed
Between Italy and Germany the treaty was signed after the increased tension between the triple entente. Germany was then set into place and Italian foreign policy was as well shifting issues in Europe. -
Munich Conference
Germany ended up allowed to control parts of Czechoslovakia by Britain and France. This was done to prevent conflict with Hitler in the future when it came to territory. -
Italy invades Albania
Italy wanted power, to show it, Italy invaded Albania to gain power over the land. Mussolini ended up taking over military advances because of the surrounding fascist suppression. Tensions were created with Britain as they desired strong Royal Navy presence in Greece. -
Italy enters WW II on side of Germany
Because of the German adn Romanian alliance and tensions between Britain and France, Italy joined WWI with Germany. This caused Italian opposition. -
Mussolini brought down by coup during WW II
the Grand Council saw Mussolini as weak. He was blamed for Italian actions in war and the Grand Council was worried for Italy because of Mussolini--Mussolini was then stripped of power. -
Mussolini Killed
Mussolini and his mistress were arrested and killed by communists, and he was already dethroned of power.