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Jean Piaget was a genetic epistemologist and psychologist from Switzerland. He is best known for his cognitive development theory, which examined how children develop intellectually throughout childhood.
Piaget's theory had a significant impact on the emergence of developmental psychology as a distinct subfield within psychology, as well as on the field of education. He is also regarded as a forefather of constructivist theory and the schemas theory. -
Vygotsky viewed the ZPD as a better way to explain the relation between children's learning and cognitive development. Also influential are his works on the relationship between language and thought the development of language and a general theory of development through actions and relationships in a socio-cultural environment. From his work, we took the concepts of reciprocal teaching or scaffolding.
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According to Saettler (1990), most of the media housed in school museums in the twentieth century were visual media such as films, slides, and photographs. As a result, the growing interest in using media in the classroom was labeled the "Visual Instruction movement."
The first school museum was opened in St. Louis in 1905.
The movement included journals and special education training for teachers. -
On Christmas Eve 1906, Fessenden used a synchronous rotary-spark transmitter for the first radio program broadcast, from Ocean Bluff-Brant Rock, Massachusetts. Ships at sea heard a broadcast that included Fessenden playing O Holy Night on the violin and reading a passage from the Bible. This was, for all intents and purposes, the first transmission of what is now known as amplitude modulation or AM radio.
After this event radio technologies factory developed in Europe with Marconi from England. -
This publication encourages teachers to use stereographs and lantern slides. -
Since 1895, Louis and Auguste Lumière perfected the Cinématographe, a system that took, printed, and projected film. However, till 1910 this technology started to be a new consumer commodity.
Picture projectors / Silent films projectors -
The central tenet of Gestalt theory is that our perception and
understanding of objects and events in the world depends upon
the appearance and actions of whole objects not of their individual parts have had some influence on research in educational
technology. -
The publication of this book by Hoban, Charles Francis, in 1937.The authors presented a hierarchy of media. -
This World War II accelerated many processes due to the circumstances: training, research, psychology, instructional design, and technology had a great impact and attention.
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Dale's Cone of Experience is a model that incorporates several theories related to instructional design and learning processes. -
B. F. Skinner's published an article titled “The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching”. This type of instruction is based on theories of "operant conditioning", which suggested that programmed instructional materials, should include small steps, frequent questions, and immediate feedback; and should allow self-pacing. -
Benjamin Bloom, created the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. The taxonomy uses a multi-tiered scale to express the level of expertise required to achieve each measurable student outcome. Organizing measurable student outcomes in this way will allow us to select appropriate classroom assessment techniques for the course. -
First Transatlantic telephone cable.
CBS broadcast: First network broadcast using videotape. -
The first fully transistorized, portable solid-state television set was the 8-inch Sony TV8-301, developed in 1959 and released in 1960.
Students learned from shows. The first large-scale instructional television programs for credit by organizing an institution through which students could obtain a degree by taking only television courses. -
Rober Glaser helped define the field of instructional psychology, He has linked theories of learning, cognition, and instruction. The key areas of his research focused on the nature of aptitudes and individual differences, the interaction of knowledge and skill in expertise, the roles of testing and technology in education, and training adapted to individual differences.
Lumsdaine A.A. & Glaser R. (eds) 1960. Teaching machines and programmed learning I: a sourcebook. Washington D.C. NEA. -
He advocated that the most important factor in learning is that which the learner already knows. “Meaningful learning occurs when the learner interprets, relates, and incorporates new information with existing knowledge and applies the new information to solve novel problems”. -
Robert Mager created "The Mager model" that recommended that objectives be specific and measurable, and specified three parts to an objective as follows: It should have a measurable verb (an action verb) It should include a specification of what is given the learner. It should contain a specification of criteria for success or competency. The movement started since then. -
Gagné has worked on the development of computer-based training programs and multimedia-based courses using concepts from instructional theory. His work is commonly summed up by the Gagné assumption, which states that there are several forms of learning and that these various types of learning are more likely to occur under various teaching circumstances. The notion of activating a schema in order to provide a relevant context for learning finds a close parallel in Gagné. -
Texas Instruments develops the handheld calculator which changed the way math curriculum was taught in schools. A lot of people were against them at first but then grew to understand their value. -
Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT), is an international association that represents experts from a variety of professions that are interested in enhancing learning through media and technology. -
First automatically graded multiple-choice examples. OMR scanning methods make grading considerably easier for a teacher, but it radically changes the way testing is performed, as multiple choice questions best fit this style. -
The first portable cell phone was invented in 1973 by Motorola. Nowadays, 2022, 90% of students have access to mobile technology and internet communication under the age of 18. -
Microsoft is founded by Bill Gates. -
Apple was founded by Steven Jobs and Steve Wozniak -
A personal computer serves many functions. It is practical for individual users due to its size, capabilities, and cost. It was used to compute assignments and as a learning tool, gradually taking the place of typewriters. -
Why a Diagram is (Sometimes) Worth Ten Thousand Words (1987) the publication of this article provided critical insights into the potential benefits of diagrammatic representations over propositional or sentential representations. -
the pre-pressed optical compact disc that contains data. Computers can read—but not write or erase—CD-ROMs, i.e. it is a type of read-only memory. They were extensively used for course training, information content, video games, etc. -
The World Wide Web is available for the first time to the public. -
Theories contend that thinking, learning, and knowledge are situated in experience. These theories place a high value on context, particularly the distinctive role that the environment plays in knowing, thinking, and learning. In fact, they contend that knowledge, thinking, and learning cannot be isolated from the context since they depend on it. (Lave & Wegner, 1991) -
The Web enabled the development of the first learning management systems (LMSs), such as WebCT (which later became Blackboard). LMSs provide an online teaching environment, where content can be loaded and organized, as well as providing ‘spaces’ for learning objectives, student activities, assignment questions, and discussion forums. -
Google, in full Google LLC formerly Google Inc. (1998), American search engine company, founded in 1998 by Sergey Brin and Larry Page, that is a subsidiary of the holding company Alphabet Inc. More than 70 percent of worldwide online search requests are handled by Google, placing it at the heart of most Internet users’ experience. -
SMART boards introduced in schools, they are interactive whiteboards with a touch screen. Smart Boards are finding their way into classrooms, training sessions, conferences, and board meetings. The environment allows instructors and presenters to control a presentation in a more flexible way than just sitting behind a computer and projector and then the chance for students to interact with it. -
Blended learning emerged as one of the most popular pedagogical concepts at the beginning of 2000. With an increasing
tendency, many researchers have reported on blended learning since it flourished. -
Wikipedia was founded by Jimmy Wales to produce a free encyclopedia. The writing of articles was slow throughout 2000, the first year that project was online, despite having a mailing-list of interested editors and a full-time editor-in-chief, Larry Sanger. They had a project to produce a free-content encyclopedia that can be edited by anyone. -
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 2001 mandated an emphasis on technology integration in all areas of K–12 education, from reading and mathematics to science and special education. -
Siemens, George (2005). "Connectivism: A Learning Theory for the Digital Age". International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning. 2: 1–9.
For this theory, learning does not simply happen within an individual, but within and across the networks. What sets connectivism apart from theories such as constructivism, is the view that learning can reside outside of ourselves, and is focused on connecting specialized information sets, and the connections that enable us to learn. -
Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim, three former employees of the American e-commerce company PayPal, had the idea that ordinary people would enjoy sharing their “home videos.” The company is headquartered in San Bruno, California. Since then many videos were made for learning, from educators, and also from learners as classroom materials. We could add here all the tools provided by social media apps. -
Stephen Downes and George Siemens created the Connectivism and Connectivity Knowledge course, for which the word "MOOC" was first used. Their goal was to create a richer learning environment than would be achievable with conventional tools by taking use of the interactions between a wide range of participants that online tools make available. -
Due to the Covid-19 pandemic that spread globally in 2020, education courses were subsequently offered in fully remote, online formats. Educational technology used for emergency remote teaching was most often synchronous collaborative tools, used in combination with text-based tools. That was not the best experience for people outside the instructional design environment however there were many lessons learned and many people could access to some kind of education despite the isolation.