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Grammar translation
The name of the method, grammar-translation,
captures the main emphases of this method (i.e.,
the study of grammatical aspects of language and
the use of translation as a means of ascertaining
comprehension). Communicating in the language
was not a goal, so classes were taught primarily in
the students’ native language, and the teacher made
no effort to emphasize correct pronunciation of the
language. Grammar study was the focus of the les-
sons -
Direct Method
In this method,
the primary goals are for students to think and speak
the language; thus, no use of the native language
is allowed. Teachers employ objects, visuals, and
realia to make the input comprehensible. Instruction
revolves around specifi
c topics. Aspects of gram-
mar are taught inductively through the handling
of the topic. -
Oral Method
The Oral Approach or Situational Language Teaching is based on a structural view of language. Speech, structure and a focus on a set of basic vocabulary are seen as the basis of language teaching. This was a view similar to American structuralists, such as Fries. However, what distinguishes The Situational Language Teaching approach is its emphasis on the presentation of structures in situations. -
Audio-Lingual Method
In the audio-lingual method, the emphasis was
on the memorization of a series of dialogues and
the rote practice of language structures. The basic
premises on which the method was based were that
language is speech, not writing, and language is a set
of habits. It was believed that much practice of the
dialogues would develop oral language profi
ciency.
The use of the native language was avoided. -
The Silent Way
n this method, students are re-
sponsible for their own learning. Based on the belief
that students are initiators of learning and capable of
independently acquiring language, the Silent Way
provides a classroom environment in which this
can take place. The teacher models once, and the
students are then given the opportunity to work to-
gether to try to reproduce what has been modeled. -
Total Physical Response
his
method is based on the principle that people learn
better when they are involved physically as well as
mentally. In TPR, students are required to respond
nonverbally (physically) to a series of commands.
As the teacher gives a command and the students
respond physically. -
Natural Approach
This method is based on Krashen’s moni-
tor model, so it should be easy to understand why
the emphasis would be on providing the students
with the opportunity to
acquire
language rather than
forcing them to learn it, by emphasizing language
form. In this method, the key to comprehension
and oral production is the acquisition of vocabu-
lary. -
Suggestopedia
In this method, the classroom atmosphere is
crucial. Creating a relaxed, nonthreatening learning
environment is essential for its success. The goal is
that students will assimilate the content of the les-
sons without feeling any type of stress or fatigue. -
The Communicative Approach
The main goal in this approach is for the learner
to become communicatively competent. The learner
develops competency in using the language appro-
priately in given social contexts. Much emphasis is
given to activities that allow the second language
learner to negotiate meaning in activities that require
oral communication in the second language.