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Mars' polar caps are a combination of water ice and carbon dioxide ice. As the Martian seasons change, the carbon dioxide ice vaporizes in summer, revealing the surface, and freezes again in winter. Discovered by Giacomo Miraldi.
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Honore Flaugergues, a French amateur astronomer, notices "yellow clouds" on the surface of Mars, which were later found to be dust clouds.
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Flaugergues notices that the polar ice cap melts significantly in the Martian spring. He concludes that this implies that Mars is hotter than Earth.
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William Whewell concludes that Mars has green seas and red land, and wonders if there is extraterrestrial life.
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Angelo Secci (1818 - 1878), a Jesuit monk, draws Mars and calls Syrtis Major the "Atlantic Canal".
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Richard Anthony Proctor publishes a map of Mars with continents and oceans. His choice of zero meridian is still the currently accepted convention.
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If translated correctly, this announcement would have been interpreted as "channels", but with the excitement building over the Suez Canal, it was translated as "canals", and thus began a detour in the history of Mars exploration.
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Asaph Hall discovers the moons of Mars. He names them Phobos (fear) and Deimos (fright), after the horses of the Greek war god, Ares (counterpart to the Roman war god, Mars)
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Percival Lowell publishes Mars
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This and other Mastcam panoramas show details of the sedimentary rocks that make up the "Vera Rubin Ridge." The Mastcam images show that the rocks making up the lower part of the ridge are characterized by distinct horizontal stratification with individual rock layers of the order of several inches (tens of centimeters) thick.
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Curiosity Space Rover lands on the surface of Mars.
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NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity uses panoramic photography to show Wdowiak Ridge.
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