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Hippocrates is born on the island of Cos in Greece. He is born to a wealthy family and is able to enjoy the luxury of education at this time.
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This is possibly the time that Hippocrates is most active as a physician. After this there are no concrete dates for his work, however it is known that he traveled across the Mediterranean and Asia Minor to teach medicine and practice it as well.
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Hippocrates is possibly most active as a physician at this time.
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Hippocrates, by now a nearly legendary figure in Grecian medicine, dies in Larissa, Thessaly. He is often credited as the inventor of the humoral theory of disease and temperament. His work is memorialized by legends centering on him and the later writing of the Hippocratic Oath and the Hippocratic Corpus. His work directly inspired Galen who came after him.
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During his lifetime as an elite physician, Galen endorsed the idea that differences in human moods come as a consequence of imbalances in one of the four bodily fluids: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. Galen promoted this theory and the typology of human temperaments. According to Galen, an imbalance of each humor corresponds with a particular human temperament (blood = sanguine, black bile = melancholic, yellow bile = choleric, and phlegm = phlegmatic).
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Galen became a trainee at a local hospital learning about medical methods for almost four years. He thought of gladiator’s wounds as “windows” allowing him to see the functions of various parts of the body. Here he learned the best ways of treating wounds and trauma as well as how important hygiene practices are. He dramatically reduced the death rate among gladiators. Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius described Galen as “first among doctors and unique among philosophers”.
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Galen saw medicine as an interdisciplinary field that was best practiced by utilizing theory, observation, and experimentation in conjunction. He was the first scientist/philosopher to assign specific parts of the soul to locations in the body because of his extensive background in medicine. Galen believed there was no distinction between the mental and the physical which was a hot take for his time.
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Immanuel Kant publishes his first major work.
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Immanuel Kant publishes his second major work
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Immanuel Kant publishes his second edition of the Critique of Pure Reason.
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Immanuel Kant publishes his fourth major work.
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Immanuel Kant Dies
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Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) was a German psychologist and physiologist who is widely considered to be the father of experimental psychology for his numerous advances in the field (e.g. first textbook in experimental psych, first class teaching experimental psych, first journal for experimental psych). By examining psychology from a scientific perspective, Wundt paved the way for many other scholars to examine temperament using measurement and control.
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Distributed 90 item questionnaire to over 3,000 physicians requesting them to assess the behavior and psychic characteristics of families they knew well. Ultimately, data from 400 families were analyzed. Determined 1. activity 2. emotionality 3. Primary-secondary function, as the three basic dimensions of temperament. Concluded that temperament dimensions are not orthogonal(right-angled), they are gender-specific, to a high degree inherited, and same-sex inheritance is dominant.
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Carl Jung splits from Freud's concept of self and, amidst a psychosis riddled existential crisis, publishes his Psychology of the Unconscious. In it he explains that there are universal themes and mental images embedded in the collective unconscious of humanity. Furthermore, he describes the self as both conscious and unconscious, and made up of one's persona, shadow, anima, animus, and tendency for introversion or extroversion.
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Kretschmer is a german psychiatrist that discovered the a differential diagnosis between manic depression and schizophrenia. He is known for his theory that the human body type (stocky, fat, slender, thin) was associated with personalities and psychopathies. This theory no longer has influence in the field of personalities.
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We learned about this in the article for this reading.
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J.P. Guilford was an American psychologist who specialized in human intelligence, creativity, and personality. He attended University of Nebraska Lincoln and Cornell. Later, he was President of the Psychometric Society. He was also the Chief of the Psychological Research Unit at the U.S. Army Air Force HQ in Fort Worth and oversaw the Standard Nine Project in 1943, which identified 9 specific intellectual abilities crucial to flying a plane. This was a major application of psychometric research.
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Hans J. Eysenck proposed his theory of personality types. He argues that personality traits are genetic and influence the way humans adapt to the natural world. His 1947 book outlines his dimensions of personality, which include neuroticism and extroversion. His later work with patients in mental hospitals would then go on to add introversion and psychoticism to the dimensions of personality.
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Dr. Raymond G. Cattell was born on March 20, 1905 (a Pisces King!) in England near Birmingham and died February 2, 1998 in Hawaii. He became most known for his multivariate analyses of personality because, up until that time, psychologists were largely only conducting univariate and bivariate analyses. Cattell believed personality was much more complex. From this work, he created the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire in 1949 and this eventually lead to what's now known as the Big Five.
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W.H. Sheldon's book, Atlas of Men, classified people into endomorphic, mesomorphic, & ectomorphic types (based on many photos & measurements of nude figures at Ivy League Schools). The guidebook categorized all body types according to scale of 1-7 for each of the body types to produce a 3 digit combo (from that number, mental characteristics could allegedly be predicted). For example, 7-1-1 = "Pure endomorph";" 1-7-1 = "Pure Mesomorph; 1-1-7 = "Pure ectomorph"
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Boris M, Teplov (Oct. 9, 1896 - Sep. 28, 1965) was a Russian temperament scholar and founder of the Differential school of Soviet psychology. Teplov taught that some abilities, such as musical talent, are innate. He opposed Aleksey Leontyev who held that talents come from education and the environment. Teplov presented his paper on types of nervous system activity and temperament to the 14th International Psychology Conference meeting in Montreal, Canada.
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The NY Longitudinal Study spanned several decades as researchers followed the same ~130 babies through adulthood to study temperament. They determined through this and other work that genetics determine the possibilities in temperament while environment seems to apply the decorations and make adjustments. They also determined that temperament is well established upon birth but it is not unchangeable.
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Jeffrey Gray, with his book Pavlov's Typology, provides the first functional translations and interpretations of Pavlov and Teplov's findings from their research in the 1920's. Part one reviews Pavlov's research, part 2 applies the theory to individual differences in humans, and part 3 reviews Teplov's research and its implications for the strength of human nervous systems and the impact that might have on temperment.
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J.P. Guilford (Mar 7, 1897 – Nov 26, 1987) rejects that intelligence can be characterized by numerical parameters. He proposed 3 dimensions: operations, content, and products. Operations are cognition, memory recording, memory retention, divergent production, convergent production, evaluation. Content includes: figural, symbolic, semantic, behavioral. Products are: units, classes, relations, systems, transformations, implications.
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Dr. Jan Strelau created the Strelau Temperament Inventory (STI) in the 1970s, which was later the Pavlovian Temperament Inventory (PTS) in the 1990s. Both the Strelau Temperament Inventory and Pavlovian Temperament Inventory have been used by scholars around the world.
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Through his research, Gray demonstrates a more complex physiological basis for how levels of introversion and extroversion manifest themselves. His new model replaces the concept of "conditionality" with levels of susceptibility to punishment and found that it was higher in introverts.
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Immanuel Kant is born.
