-
Period: to
Literacy is a Requirement to Vote
This excluded many women, people of color, and low income. -
Period: to
IQ Testing
IQ testing used to assess students. -
Thomas Gordon
Thomas Gordon was born this year. He was the developer of the Teacher Effectiveness Training, which is a motivational/behavioral tool for teachers. -
Cognitive View
In the 1920s Jean Piaget was the first to study cognitive development; how children think and develop. This paved the way for additional theories of cognitive motivation. -
Period: to
1920s
SATs begin to determine benefit of higher education -
Thematic Apperception Test
Henry A. Murray, John W. Atkinson and David McClelland developed the Thematic Apperception Test. The technique says that a person’s responses reveal underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world through the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people. Historically, it has been among the most widely researched, taught, and used of such tests. -
Achievement Motivation Theory
John W. Atkinson and David McClelland develop a theory the Achievement Motivation Theory that says that a mental state produces a psychological motive to excel or to reach a goal. Most people want to achieve and experience levels of aspiration. The need for achievement is increased when persons experience success. -
National School Lunch Program
Makes it possible for all school children in the united states to receive a nutritious lunch every school day. Students who have a better nutritional intake compared to those who do not participate due to the investigation of the men in WWII. -
Period: to
1950s
Tests used for tracking and selection emphasis what this means is that the tests were looking for students who were qualified for a gifted program, as well as those high school students who would benefit from higher education. -
Cognitive Theory
Jerome Bruner recommends posing questions that will cause students to recognize gaps in their thinking and begin to fill those gaps. Intrinsic motivation is involved, that is, students value learning for its own sake. -
Humanistic View of Motivation
This was the year Philosopher Abraham published his book Motivation and Personality. This motivational theory says that people are motivated by their individual needs to address certain natural concerns.
5-Level Hierarchy of needs: Physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, self-actualization
*Students will be led to seek satisfaction and self-actualization if their basic needs for safety, relaxation, belongingness, a clean and orderly environment are addressed and met. -
Period: to
1960s
Tests used for program accountability: Tests began to evaluate and measure the effectiveness of Title 1 programs and other federal programs -
Head Start
Home visits provide the staff with a greater insight on how the family lives. It gives the staff an opportunity to get to know the family, determine their living styles and how it affects their school lives. Many different staff members are involved. It includes the education staff, social service staff, parent involvement staff, and health staff. -
Title 6 passed Into Law
Title 6 is the first piece of legislation that mentions special education. -
Behavioral View of Motivation
This is the year B.F. Skinner published The Technology of Teaching
This view focuses on operant conditioning: Observable stimuli, responses, consequences on the tendency to exhibit certain behaviors. Behavior is learned through repetition and rewarded (extrinsic motivation).
This view is still valued in many schools and classrooms today, and is promoted by the B.F. Skinner Foundation. -
Expectancy-Value Theory
This theory was created by Martin Fishbein to explain and predict a person's attitude toward objects and actions. There are two key factors in expectancy value theory are expectancy of success and value. This theory was thought to motivate learners they needed to increase their expectancies by consciously organizing the conditions in which they are more positive and helpful. -
Period: to
1970s
Minimum competency is focus of testing: this was when states began mandating basic skills testing. 34 States through the 70s and early 80s mandated these tests as a graduation requirement. -
IDEA
Ensures that children with disabilities to have to opportunity to receive a free public education. -
Rubrics
Richard Lloyd-Jones uses a 0-4 scale called “primary trait” to assess writing. AKA holistic assessment. This format is what we use in rubrics still today. -
Period: to
1980s
School and district accountability within assessments: The state assessments began their push towards comparing districts and showed who was excelling and who was falling behind in regards to districts as a whole. -
Attribution Theory
Bernard Weiner developed a theory that provides an important method for examining and understanding motivation in academic settings. It explains the factors to which students attribute failure. (Low achievers tend to attribute failure to a lack of ability, and success to luck.
-High achievers tend to attribute failure to lack of effort, and success to effort and ability). Background variables affect success. -
DIBELS
DIBELS curriculum based testing begins for grades K-6 (Dynamic INdicators of Basic early literacy skills) Authors of DIBELS: Dr. Ruth Kaminski and Dr. Roland Good.
“DIBELS are comprised of seven measures to function as indicators of phonemic awareness, alphabetic principle, accuracy and fluency with connected text, reading comprehension, and vocabulary. DIBELS were designed for use in identifying children experiencing difficulty in acquisition of basic early literacy skills in order to provide" -
Goal Setting Theory
This theory was developed by Edwin Locke and Gary Latham. They feel that people must have goals to act on, but they feel the goals should be pursued by choice. They are attempting to create a constant desire to achieve. This theory believes that you should teach your students to break down assessments into smaller tasks. Also how to help them control the process of learning on their own. -
Period: to
1990s
Standards based accountability in assessments: this is a continuation from the 1980s only with more focus on standards and whether or not districts and individuals were meeting the standards they required. -
Goal-orientation Theory
This theory was introduced by Ames. This theory deals with students perception of the cause or why a student is interested in learning tasks. There are two key features in the goal orientated theory performance, and mastery orientation. -
Running Records
Running records begin VIA Marie Clay: this concept is expanded upon later in 2000, where we will discuss them more thoroughly. -
Methods of Testing
The most common testing programs are paper-pencil and are multiple choice questions. -
Period: to
Running Records
Running records developed further by Peter Johnston: Running records are a teacher’s tool, as a student reads the teacher makes a check for every word pronounced correctly. When they mispronounce a word, the mispronunciation is recorded. Upon completion, the teacher counts the checks for correctly pronounced words and the mispronounced words. And from there can calculate a percentage of accuracy. -
Self-Determination Theory
This was introduced by Deci and Ryan. According to this theory they say to be self determined means to experience a sense of choice in initiating and regulating their own actions. This theory divides motivation into three parts motivation intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation, and also a state of a motivation. -
New Focus in Assessments
Lorrie Shepard- emphasizes importance of NOT focusing on kinds of assessments to give grades or satisfy accountability, rather “those that can be used as a part of instruction to support and enhance learning.” -
NCLB and Assessments
All states mandate testing students grades 3-8 annually to comply with NCLB -
Anti-Bullying Act
If actions are taken to prevent bullying from occurring, students can then take the time to focus on school rather than constantly worrying about being bullied. Bullying relates to the students' motivation and the hierachy of needs. -
Future Ambitions
Goal by 2014- all students reading at grade level VIA state assessments