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Period: Nov 28, 1215 to
Magna Carta
--a charter of liberties that played King John and future rulers under the law because of powerful Unions were gonna rebel, King could do it without Parliament permission.
Who? King John, British Barons in 1215
Why? Became symbol of rebellion, founding fathers used it as precedent for liberty from English -
Period: Sep 12, 1300 to
Renaissance
--cultural rebirth in the 17th century.
Who? Europe
Why? They traveled the world to find new territory -
Period: Dec 8, 1410 to
MIgrate/Adobe
--moving from one place(country)to another. These people who migrated were the European colonists. Migrated because colonies began in America --sun dried bricks used to build houses. Native Americans mainly did this. This started all due to Colonists wanted tp learn from the natives on what to use for building houses. -
Oct 30, 1451
Columbus
--sailor from Spain in the 15th century.
Who? Spain, Queen Isabella, King Ferdinand
Why? Landed in Carribean and "found" new world -
Dec 12, 1466
Moctezuma
--9th ruler of Tenochtittan
Who? Aztecs, Spanish
Why? Was killed when the Spanish took over -
May 7, 1485
Hernan Cortes
--Spanish Conquistador
Who? Mexico, Spain, Aztecs
Why? Spain captured Mexico under his control -
Period: Sep 12, 1492 to
Columbian Exchange
--worldwide transfer of livestock after Columbus voyage
Who? Columbus
Why? Started to give the rest of the world American species, diseases, resources -
Period: Dec 12, 1518 to
Middle Passage
--port of Triangular Tade where Africans were sent to New World
Who? England, Africa, New World colonies -
Nov 11, 1545
Prince Henry "The Navigator"
--15th century Portugal prince
Who? Portugal
Why? Sent Portugal west of Africa into the Atlantic -
Period: Jan 6, 1580 to
John Smith
--explorer/soldier founder of Jamestown
Who? Pocahontas, Jamestown
Why? Founded first English colony -
Period: to
Mercantilism
--idea that each countries goals is self suffiecienty and all countries were competing for gold/silver
Who? All countries
Why? Jefferson used reason to conclude humans have natural rights, must respect it ; colonists questioned the authority of Britiain -
Joint-Stock Company
--when investors invest money for a common cause
Who? U.S. colonies
Why? To help fund beginnings of American colonies -
Cash Crops
--a crop grown by a farmer for sale
Who? Colonies
Why? Tobacco, rice, indigo were important in success of colonies -
House of Burgesses
--first legislative assembly in American colony
Who? Virginia Company, Jamestown
Why? Established rules in new colony that came to be today's laws -
Mayflower Compact
--first written form of government in America saying equal laws and fair laws.
Who? Plymouth, Pilgrims
Why? Set up foundation of our government -
Period: to
Presidio
--fortified bases of Spain built in 16th-19th century
Who? Spain, North America, Africa
Why? Protection from other countries -
Period: to
William Penn
--English quaker who established Pennsylvania
Who? King Charles II
Why? Established Pennsylvania -
Period: to
Puritan
--member of a group that wanted religion in England simpler in services, stricter in morals.
Who? England, colonies
Why? Fled to America, populated economies, Plymouth -
Conquistador
--a conquerer, especially from Spain
Who? Columbus, Mexico, Spain, Cortes
Why? Spain conquered Mexico and the Aztecs giving the influence of today's Mexican culture -
Bacon's Rebellion
--Nathaniel Bacon rebelled against William Berkeley in Jamestown
Who? William Berkeley
Why? First rebellion of colonies -
English Bill of Right
--act that Parliament passed in 1689 that established separation of powers, limits, the power of the monarchy strengthens freedom of speech and guaranteed free elections, removed cruel punishment
Who? Parliament, England
Why? Influenced the constitution -
Iroquois League
--confederacy of Native American tribes of New York. They were the Mohawks, Oneida, Onodaga,Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora
Why? They defended us in French-Indian War and they influenced Constitution -
Period: to
John Jay
--Who: The British and AMerica were involved.
What: John Jay was the chief justice of the Supreme Court. In London, he was able to negotiate the British to leave their Northwest Territory and get a treaty signed that said that could still trade for on American soil after word of Wayne's victory at Fallen Timbers arrived.
Why: It ended the occupation of British soldiers peacefully, but angered France who thought we were allies with them. It stirred up controversy unnecessarily. -
Period: to
Alexander Hamilton
Who: Thomas Jefferson and George Washington were involved.
What: He was Washington's secretary of treasury and he had views that differed Jefferson's. He believed in strong central government led by upper class, as well as commerce and industry being keys to a strong nation.
Why: He helped set up the basic foundation of America. He was the first secretary of Treasury and he set up a national bank. He impacted today's world with his policies and beliefs. -
Period: to
Andrew Jackson
Who: Native Americans and the British were involved.
What: Jackson was a general from Tennessee that won a series of battles in the war of 1812. After 4 months in battle he defeated Native Americans of the Creek Tribe in March at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814.
Why: Jackson was a large part of winning the war of 1812. Without him, we may be controlled by the British today because they could have won the war. -
Period: to
Henry Clay
--an American lawyer, politician, and skilled creator who represented Kentucky. -
The Articles of Confederation
--a dcument created by the Continental Congres on November 15, 1777. It served as the first constitution of the U.S. until 1789 when the Consitution took its place.
Who? Continental Comgress, Consitution
Why? Influenced the ideas of the Constitution, which we use as a basis for our government today -
Period: to
Underground Railroad
Who: Harriet Tubman and slaves/abolitionists are involved.
What: The Underground Railroad was a network of people helping slaves escape the South. Tubman is a well-known conductor.
Why: It helped abused slaves gain freedom. Many slaves ran away with the help of conductors. -
Period: to
Shay's Rebellion
--uprising of debt ridden farmers in Massachussett's farmers protesting increased state taxes and forclosure in 1786. It was led by Daniel Shay, an ex-soldier and farmer.
Who? Daniel Shay
Why? It helped in the writing of the Constitution. People realized a more powerful central government would eliminate bad policies enforced by states dominated by the poor. -
The Northwest Ordinance
--act of Congress passed on July 13, 1787. To become a state, Congress would appoint a territorial governor and judge. At 5,000 votes, settlers could write a temporary constitution and elect a government. Also, at 60,000 votes, a state constitution could be written and approved by Congress for statehood.
Who? Settlers, Congress
Why? Established a plan for how the U.S. was going to expand westward, where many states are today -
Period: to
A Great Compromise
--this was the two-house legislature plan establishing the Senate and House of Represenatives. It satisfied both the small states supporting the New Jersey Plan and large states supporting Virginia. The Senate got equal represenatives and the House got 1 represenatives elected by the people per 30,000 people.
Who? Senate, House of Represenatives
Why? Established the system that we use to this day -
Cabinet
Who: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox, and Edmund Randolph were involved.
What: Washington chose capable leaders that he knew and trusted. These leaders were the secretaries of state(Jefferson) treasury(Hamilton), and war (Knox). It also included Randolph as attorney general, or the chief lawyer of the federal government. They were the president's chief advisors helping with politics and laws.
Why: These people helped govern the executive branch/president -
Tariff
Who: Washington, Congress, and Hamilton are involved.
What: During Wahington's second term, Congress a protective tariff, and import tax on goods produced in Europe. Hamilton also pushed an excise tax, or a tax on a product's manufacture, sale, or distribution on whiskey.
Why: This ultimately resulted in the Whiskey Rebellion that helped consolidate federal power in domestic affairs. -
Second Great Awakening
--protestant revival movement during early 19th century in the U.S. -
Period: to
Whiskey Rebellion
Who: Alexander Hamilton, Washington, and farmers are involved.
What: After a protective tariff and an excise tax on whiskey the small frontier farmers that distilled corn in whiskey got mad. Some refused to pay the tax and they beat up federal marshals in Pitssburgh. They threatened to succeed. 15,000 militiamen and Washington scattered them without death.
Why: This was a milestone that established the power of the federal government in domestic affairs. -
Period: to
The Federalist
--a series of 85 essays defending the Constitution, written by "Publius" other known as Alexander Hamilton. James Madison, and JOhn Jay in New York newspapers in 1787-1788. They explain parts of the Constitution and explained the need to get rid of the Articles of Confederation.
Who? Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay
Why? Swayed public opinion and helped the movement to establish the government we use today. -
Cotton Gin
--the machine removes seeds from cotton fiber. -
Period: to
Dred Scott
Who: His owner, Roger B. Taney, Congress and the North and SOuth are involved.
What: He was a Missouri slave whose owner died after living in Illinois for 4 years. He fought for his freedom claiming he become free.
Why: It was ruled so he had no freedom, striking down the Missouri Compromise. Southerners loved it but Northerners were outraged. -
Period: to
Alien and Sedition Acts
Who: Federalists, Congress, and Democratic Republicans were involved.
What: Americans thought the French were in America plotting to overthrowthe government, so Federalists and Congress passed this, changing resident requirements for citizenship from 5-14 years and allowing the president to deport or jail any alien considered undesirable.
Why: They were some of the worst examples of violating the Constitution. If they remained, they could have ruined the democracy we have today. -
Period: to
Nat Turner
--African American slave who led a slave rebellion of slaves and free African Americans in Southampton countries. -
Indentured Servant
--a person that worked for an employer in the new world in order to pay for passage over
Who? British colonies in America
Why? It allowed populations to grow, allowed people that couldn't afford trips to travel for free -
Period: to
Dorothea Dix
--an American activist on behalf of the insane who created the first mental asylum. -
Marbury v. Madison
Who: William Marbury, James Madison, and the Supreme Court were involved.
What: Marbury, a judge, sued Madison, the Secretary of State because he did not recieve his official papers. Chief Justice Marshall decided that an act requiring the Supreme Court to order papers be delivered was unconstitutional, so Marbury lost.
Why: This case established the principle of judicial review for the Supreme Court that applied to this day still. -
Louisiana Purchase
Who: France, Spain, Jefferson, James Monroe, and Robert Livington are involved.
What: When word came out that France wanted Spain's Louisiana Territory back, Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris to meet Robert Livingston. Napolean Bonaparte gave up hopes of this land when he couldn't regain Saint Dominigue.
Why: Today the Louisiana Purchase is the land from the Mississippi River to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and Oklahoma. It more than doubled the U.S. land size at the time. -
Judicial Review
Who: The Supreme Court, and Congress are involved.
What: Judicial Review is the ability of the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional. This was first established in the Marbury v. Madison case.
Why: This idea is still enforced today, and it contributes to the idea of checks and balances where the Supreme Court checks for something to be constitutional. -
Period: to
William Lloyd Garrison
--Prominent American abolitionist ; jounralist suffragist and social reformer. -
Period: to
Great Awakening
--revival of religious feelings in American colonies in 1730s-1750s ; brought new people to Christian churches
Who? Colonies, churches
Why? Challenged authority of established churches, Britain ; colleges were established -
Period: to
Harriet Beacher Stowe
Who: The North, South, slave Eliza, and owner Simon Legee are involved.
What: She was an abolitionist author who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, about Eliza and her son running away, and Legree whipping Uncle Tom.
Why: As a response, Northern abolitionists increased protests against Fugitive Slave Act and south criticized the boook as an atack on them. -
War Hawks
Who: Young congressman like Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina and Henry Clay of Kentucky were involved.
What: The War Hawks were a group of young congressman from the South and West led by Calhoun and Clay that called for war against Britain after they found the natives were supplied by Britain. The motto was, "On to Canada."
Why: Without them, war against Britain may not have happened because they were a big part of convincing Congress to go to war. -
Hartford Convention
Who: Federalists were involved.
What: In December, 1814, Federalists met in Hartford, CT to protest the War of 1812 and make New England safe from thwe war's effects. However, the Treaty of Ghent came soon after.
Why: This meeting ended up destroying the Federalist Party because there was reports of success in being thrown around. This was viewed as treason and the party disappeared. -
Treaty of Ghent
Who: American and American diplomates were involved.
What: The treaty on Christmas Eve, 1814, declared an armistice to stop fighting, but it did not address.
Why: If it were not for this treaty, the fighting could have continued and more lives could have been last. It restored peace before things got too out of hand. -
Period: to
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
--lead the figure of women's rights movement. -
American System
--the policy of promoting industry in the U.S. by adopting of a high protective tariff and developing internal improvements by the Federal Government. -
Period: to
Missouri Compromise
--an effort made by Congress to remove the sectional and political rivalries created by the request of Missouri in late 1819. -
Monroe Doctrine
--a U.S. foreign policy regarding domination of the American continent in 1823. -
Jackson Democracy
--political movement during the second party system towards greater democracy for the common man symbolized by Andrew Jackson. -
Mormom Movement
--collection of independent church group that trace their origins to Christian Primitivist movement rounded by Joseph Smith in the late 1820s. -
Tariff of Abomination
--passed on May 19, 1828 ; designed to protect industries in Northern United States. -
Indian Removal Act
--it was passed by Congress on May 28, 1830, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. The law authorized the president to negotiate with Indian tribes in Southern United States. -
Manifest Destiny
--a term for the attitude prevalent during the 19th century period of American expansion that the United States not only could but was destined to stretch from coast to coast. -
Lone Star Republic
--a chamber of commerce in Huntsville, TX. Sam Houston, President of Republic of Texas. -
Period: to
Wilmot Proviso
Who: David Wilmot, the U.S., and Mexico are involved.
What: The WIlmot Proviso said that no territory aquired by the war with Mexico can have slavery.
Why: This amendment angered the North when Southern congressman wouldn't vote for it. It angeled both sides worried about balance in Congress, and angered the South claiming as property, slaves were protected by the Constitution. -
Period: to
California Gold Rush
--largest mass migration in American history since it rought about 30,000 people to America. -
Treaty of Guadalupe
--officially entitled treaty of peace, friendship, limits, and settlement between the United States of America and the Mexican Republic is the peace treaty signed on February 2, 1848, in the Villa de Guadalupe. -
Period: to
Seneca Falls Convention
--first womens rights conventions. -
Compromise of 1850
Who: Henry Clay, New Mexico, California and Utah are all involved.
What: In 1850, Henry Clay presented the idea to have California a free state and Utah and New Mexico decided by popular sovereignty.
Why: Overall, Clay was trying to please both sides. While he did manage to do this, it was useless in the end. He helped delay the Civil War. -
Gadsden Purchase
--29,640 square mile region of present day, Southern Arizona, and South Western New Mexico. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Who:Stephen Douglas, Kansas and Nebraska are involved.
What: This act split the Kansas Nebraska Territory into 2 states and established popular sovereignty.
Why: This act went against the Missouri Compromise. The North were against it and the South liked it. It caused problems among the 2 regions. -
Battle of Fort Sumter
--Happened in Charleston, South Carolina on April 12, 1861
--General Beauregard:Confederates
--Major Robert Anderson:Union
--80 Union/500 Confederates
--Union Major surrenders
--1 casualty for Union
--Abraham announced that he would resupply Fort Sumter
--First battle of the Civil War -
Period: to
Battle of Fort Sumter
Who: The North, south, and Jefferson Davis are involved.
What: Davis decided on April 12 to send the first shots of war. Major Anderson surrendered after 4,000 rounds.
Why: This was the first fighting of many to come. It united the North for battle and caused Virginia to succeed, creating West Virginia. -
The First Battle of Bull Run
--Known as "First Manassas" by the Confederates
--Both forces has about 18,000 poorly trained troops
--Happened July 21, 1861
--General McDowell did not wish to move against Confederate forces
--Union forxes lost 460 soldiers, and the Confederates lost 387 soldiers
--Confederates: P.G.T. Beauregard/Joseph E. Johnston
--Union: Irvin McDowell
--First major land battle of the Civil War -
Battle of Antietam
--George B. Mcullan(Union)
--Stop invasion
--Bloodiest single day battles(Linear formation)
--7 women involed for the Union
--1 women involved for the confederates
--Union considers it a victory, but it was a draw because both sides had many deaths and casualties
--12,000 Union casualties
--10,300 Confederate -
Anaconda Plan
--Initial Civil War strategy of the U.S. army
--General Winfield Scott
--Capture Richmond, Virginia, the capital of the Confederate States
--Divide the South by capturing the Tennessee River Valley and marching through the Georgia Coast
--Scott suggested taking a force of roughly 60,000-80,000 men
--Could be more effective if used in the beginning of the war
--1861-1865 -
Battle of Fredericksburg
--Railway port for boith the sides
--Fredericksburg,Virginia
--North under Maj. General Ambrose E. Burnside's command and South under General Robert E. Lee's command: 200,000 combatants.
--Burnside's tactics were very unsuccessful while Lee's had no major controversies.
--Women had used waste fabric to turn into bandages and lint. Women had also taken roles of field nurses.
--Led to "Mud March" in January 1863
--13,000 Union casualties and about 5,000 confederate casualties -
Chancellorsville
--Chancellorsville, Virginia
--Union had 97,000 soldiers, 14,000 casualties
--Major general was Joseph Hooker
--Confederate had 57,000 soldiers, 10,000 casualties
--General Robert E. Lee
--Stonewell Jackson died of friendly fire
--South benefited very little from this -
Battle of Gettysburg
--Union(George G. Meade and John F. Reynolds
--Confederate(Robert E. Lee) --Largest battle in the Civil War
--Largest battle in North America
--Union collapsed after Confederate attack on the first day -
Battle of Atlanta
--Southeast of Atlanta, GA
--North(Union) won
--Generalsfor the Union: William T. Sherman
--General for Confederacy: John Bell Hood
--Atlanta recovered from the war and became capital of Georgia in 1868.
--Women took part in the public sphere -
Sherman's Marcg to the Sea
--North: William T. Sherman and Ulysses S. Grant(Union)
--62,000 men
--South: vs Tennessee(Gen. Howard)
--Strategies: March destroyed 100 million dollars in damage
-destroyed economy because they no longer had transportation.
--Effects: killed Southern morale, freed slaves along the march(15,000), etc. -
Period: to
Northwest Passage
--sea route connecting the Atlantic and the Pacific
Who? John Cabot(failed)
Why? They wanted to find a passage from Europe to Asia quicker -
Utopian Community
--America were considered by many to herald a new age in Human Civilization itself. -
Strict Construction
Who: Federal Government, Hamilton, and Madison were involved.
Who: Strict construction is the idea that the federal government doesn't have any power that is not specifically stated in the Constitution. Again, Hamilton's bank started the controversy and Madison believed in this.
Why: Strict construction helped keep the government away from having too much control. It helped keep power divided and it influenced how today's government runs. -
Mestizo
--a person of combined European and Amerindian descent
Who? Spanish and Native American mixed
Why? Created the diverse culture of today's world, brought disease, showed they didn't all hate each other -
Habeus Corpus
--courtorder that requires authorities to bring a person in court then jail to determine they they are going to jail
Who? Lincoln
Why? Lincoln suspended this law to deal with disloyalty -
Salutary Neglect
--England relaxed its enforcement of most regulations in return for the continuous economic loyalty of colonies
Who? England, colonies
Why? When England tried to resume it it lead to American Revolution -
Bicameral Legislature
--body of government that consists of 2 legislative houses. The American Constitution, created by George Washington and James Madison among others, made one of these with Congress
Who? Congress
Why? Congress was made with both the Senate and the House of Represenatives and set up the structure that still is around today and still helps balance power -
Popular Sovereignty
--system in which the citizens(of the US.) vote to decide an isue. It was s key idea in the Constitution. It is a large part of the democratic government that was established.
Who? Citzens, Constitution
Why? It allows everyone person to vote -
Limited Government
--the idea the government powers are restricted by the Constitution. It gives the citizens more freedom and removes the possibility of a government with too much control.
Who? Constitution
Why? It's a large part of the democracy in the U.S. It is also used to protect liberties of citizens -
Seperation of Powers
--the idea that each branch in government has its own duties and limitations. The executive branch carries out laws and suggests new ones, the legislative branch make the laws with the two houses, and the judicial branch judge laws and decides what violates the Constitution,
Who? Executive branch, legislative branch, judicial branch
Why? It prevents the abuse of power and ensures the freedom of the people. -
Checks and Balances
--the idea that each of the three branches exercise some control over the others. For example, the president may veto a law from Congress, but the Congress can override that with a 2/3 majority vote.
Who? All three branches
Why? The Supreme Court may say that anything by Congress is unconstitutional, and Supreme Court members are selected -
Loose Construction
Who: Federal government, Hamilton, and James Madison are involved.
What: Loose Construction is the idea of having a more open approach to the Constitution where powers could be implied. Hamilton's bank caused a loose vs, strict argument, and James Madison was a strict constructionalist.
Why: This argument made people debate whether the federal government should or should not have powers not specifically started in the Constitution. It added to the setting of the foundation of the U.S. today -
Impressment
Who: British and Americans at sea were involved.
What: Impressment was the practice of seizing Americans at sea and drafting them in the British Navy.
Why: Impressment was part of the many reasons the U.S. fought the British again in the war of 1812. -
Interchangeable Parts
--parts(components) that are for practical purposes. -
Eril Canal
--Canal in New York that originally ran 363 miles from Albany, on Hudson River to Buffalo at Lake Eril. -
Nullification
--legal theory that a state has the right to nullify, or invalidate any federal law, which that state held to be unconstitutional. -
Abolition Movement
--an end to slavery in a nation that valued personal freedom and believed that all men are equal. -
Popular Sovereignty
Who: Henry Clay, New Mexico, and Utah are involved.
What: Popular sovereignty was the idea in the Compromise of 1850 that New Mexico and Utah's residents had the right to vote for or against slavery.
Why: This idea pleased both the north and south who both thought their views would happen in the new states. It helped the Union stay together. -
Harper's Ferry
Who: John Brown, Northern abolitionists, and slaves were involved.
What: Harper's Ferry is a West Virginia town where Brown and 21 men failed to get slaves to revolt and his men were killed.
Why: Brown was ahnged, the North saw him as a hero to the cause while the South enjoyed it while fearing Northerners causing more slave uprisings. -
Confederate States of America
Who: The South, Jefferson Davis, and Alexander Stephens were involved.
What: This new country was the former south succeeding and creating a new constitution where slavery was "protected and recognized." The president was Davis.
Why: This was the last straw and it led to war. All of the tension caused the "leg' to explode.