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410 AD Rome sacked by the Goths under Alaric
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753 BC Romulus founds Rome according to legend
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509 BC The Etruscan Tarquinius Superbus, last king of Rome, is run out of the city and the republic is established.
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264-146 BC Punic Wars fought by Rome against the Carthaginian general Hannibal. Rome gains control of Sicily, parts of Spain and north Africa.
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44 BC Julius Caesar murdered on the Ides of March and cremated in the Forum.
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31 BC Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, ends the struggle for power when he triumphs over the forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra
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65 AD St Peter martyred under Nero, and buried on the site of the present St Peter's Basilica.
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96-180 AD The 'Five Good Emperors', including Marcus Aurelius whose equestrian statue stands on the Capitoline Hill, maintain the Pax Romana (era of peace) that began under Augustus.
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125 AD Pantheon constructed by Hadrian as a temple to all the gods, later to become the first Roman temple to be Christianised, in 609 AD.
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312 AD Constantine defeats the rival emperor Maxentius and converts to Christianity, starts to build Christian basilicas in Rome.