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John Dewey Publishes Democracy and Education
John Dewey's philosophy of education focuses on learning by doing, or pragmatism. He lead the American progressive education movement by advocating that learners ought not to be passive pupils; rather, they should be active, hands-on, learners in a democratic classroom. The teacher, in his view, would be a facilitator for student learning. His philosophies are often criticized, however, for being vague and verbose. -
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World War II
World War II gave way to a big expansion of training and instructional design because the US needed quick and efficient ways to train thousands of soldiers. Film education really started to take off as the means of educating the soldiers. Source: http://www.indiana.edu/~idt/shortpapers/documents/ITduring20.html -
ASTD begins
The American Society for Training and Development opened in 1943 as a way for trainers and those involved with education to meet and discuss trends and issues. As society's understanding and needs have evolved, so has the ASTD. It is now called ATD (Association for Talent Development.) Source: https://www.td.org/About/Our-History -
Ralph W. Tyler, "The Father of Educational Evaluation and Assessments," Publishes 'Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction'
An American Educator whose research in the fields of assessment and evaluation made a sweeping impact in education. Ralph Tyler published Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction. He deducted that effective instruction and learning was achieved with scientific research. His contribution birthed criterion-referenced testing as opposed to norm-referenced testing within our schools in the early 1960’s. -
Benjamin Bloom releases "Bloom's Taxonomy"
Benjamin Bloom was best known for "Bloom's Taxonomy" which was published in 1956. Bloom's taxonomy was a classification system for learning objectives and seeked to bring a type of order and reasoning to different learning goals. Bloom's Taxonomy is still widely used in today's educational fields. -
B.F. Skinner Publishes 'The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching'
B.F. Skinner was an American psychologist, behaviorist, author and inventor. Skinner's book The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching changed Education significantly. In his book he described the essentials of increasing human learning and the desired attributes of effective instructional materials. He was an acting Professor of Psychology at Harvard University when he published his ideas on Programmed Instruction in this book. -
Robert Mager
Robert Mager wrote the book "Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instructions." The book highlighted the need to include "learner behavior objectives, the conditions under which the behaviors are to be performed and the standard criteria by which the behavior are to be judged." Mager popularized the use of objectives at this time in history.
Reiser, R.A. (2001): A History of Instructional Design and Technology: Part II: A History of Instructional -
Seymour Papert deals with learning theory and how computers can contribute to learning.
Seymour Papert was a mathmatician, professor, and computer scientist. Papert was a professor at MIT who was mainly focused on how children can learn using computer programs, as well as learning theories in general. He was the co-inventor of the Logo computer program, which was a program that helped children develop their problem solving skills while simultaneously allowing them to "play." While his most known work started in the 1960's, it continued into the 1980's. -
Robert Gagne publishes "The Conditions of Learning"
Robert Gagne was most known for his "9 conditions of learning." He was heavily involved in educational psychology and how to improve instruction. He published "The Conditions of Learning" in 1965 and is most recognized for this publication. He also worked with the Army Air Corps during WWII to help develop solid and helpful instruction. -
Jean Piaget
Jean Piaget's Constructivism Theory played a very influential role in the development of Instructional Systems Designs. Constructivism, is a theory on how people learn to help shape and define the use of instructional materials to build on previous knowledge. This theory became popular at this time and was used in the development of the ADDIE process and the Dick and Carey model.
http://www.teach-nology.com/currenttrends/constructivism/piaget/ -
John Keller Publishes his ARCS Model for Learner Motivation
Keller researched and described methods to activate motivation in learners through the ARCS model: Attention, Relevance, Confidence and Satisfaction. Attention refers to piquing the learner's interest in the subject. Relevance refers to showing the learner that the skills learned will be useful later in life. Confidence refers to the feeling that learners can master objectives. Satisfaction refers to the extrinsic or intrinsic rewards for learning the objective. -
Khan Academy Begins
Though not an educator by training, Sal Khan began tutoring his young cousin in mathematics via real-time distance learning techniques in 2004. Though distance learning had existed for some time before this, Sal Khan began to produce short educational videos in 2009 under the Khan Academy youtube channel. He later became a household name, as teachers and parents alike use his short videos to help students learn concepts through a "flipped" classroom approach.
