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Edison and his assistant began their work on creating the Kinetophone and Kinetoscope in 1988. Their goal was to use these apparatuses to make film available to the public. Later, they developed projection machines and began creating films for public consumption.
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Precursor to the modern day media center. Were used to supplement curriculum much like instructional media is used today.
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Known for the Clinical Interview, Piagets Theory of Learning, Piagets 4 Stages of Cognitive Development. He collaborated with Binet on the IQ test a cognitive evaluation. Most importantly, he is known as the father of Constructivism which views people as builders and creators.
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Training films were used by the United States to train soldiers for battle and civilians for industrial work. Films helped reduce training time and increase trainee retention.
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Federal Communications Commission set aside 242 educational channels. The Ford Foundation funded many of the programs for educational and public television.
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Skinner invented the teaching machine which was used to administer programmed learning. Material was presented in small steps with frequent questions and students were provided immediate feedback. This process allowed for self paced learning.
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Benjamin Bloom developed "Bloom's Taxonomy" to help educators design instruction that challenges students on several tiers of understanding. The tiers are: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, Evaluation and they help educators assess student mastery.
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This book taught educators how to write objectives that include a description for the desired result, conditions needed for performance, and standards for how the result is judged. These steps are still used today when writing objectives.
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Gagné describes eight different types of learning and nine events of instruction in his book. The Gagné assumption "is that different types of learning exist, and that different instructional conditions are most likely to bring about these different types of learning". Understanding this assumption is a major part of instructional design.
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Papert's symposium, "Teaching Children Thinking" was held at MIT. He lectured on children's interactions with computers and how they drive understanding and knowledge. Papert studied under Piaget and combined Piaget's work on learning with his own keen understanding of artificial intelligence. Many consider this lecture a very progressive stance and it has been acknowledged that Papert's school of thinking was decades before it's time.
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Published a paper called 'Information Management: A Proposal' in 1989 where he introduced the World Wide Web as a global system for sharing and distributing information.
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Csikszentmihalyi pioneered the Theory of Flow. Flow is often described as a state of mind. When a student/learner/employee enters Flow they are immersed in matters associated with the task at hand and are oblivious to other events. His other work revolves primarily around the idea and pillars of motivation.
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The world's first website was launched on August 6, 1991. It introduced people to the World Wide Web concept and showed users how to create their own websites.
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Beginning in 2002, Reiser began to rise as a major contributor in the field of Instructional Technology. In particular, his work on Instructional Design encouraged those in the field to define themselves less by the technology and more by their contributions to instruction.
