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Charles-Philippe ruled France from 16 September 1824 to 2 August 1830 and become one of the leaders of the emigre party after heleft France during the first French Revolution.
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Louis-Philippe, the "citizen king" ruled from 1830 to 1850 and had a lot of the support from the wealthier bourgeoisie and not being able to win the support of the working class, caused him to fall from power.
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The Sorrows of the Young Werther was a romantic novel written by by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe is a novel about a lover committing suicide over an unreturned love.
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Alexander Pavlovich Romanov ruled Russia (r. 3/ 23/ 1801 to 12/ 1/ 1825) during the chaotic period of the Napoleonic Wars and during the early years of his reign he often used liberal ideas, but continued Russia's conservative policies.
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The Reflections on the Revolutions in France is a pamphlet written by Edmund Burke analyzing the causes, journey and outcomes of the French Revolution (1).
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Frederick William IV's (r. 6/ 7/ 1840 to 1/ 2/ 1861) conservative policies helped spark the Revolution of 1848 and Otto von Bismark served as his Prime Minister.
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Nicholas I Pavlovich Romanov, "Gendarme of Europe" (r. 1825-1855) came to power during the Decembrist Revolt and died during the Crimean War and he was obsessed with order and with the military.
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The Essay on the Principles of the Population was written by Thomas Robert Malthus in 1798 and it posed the conundrum of the population outgrowing the resources (abstinence and late marriage were recommendations of birth control).
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Robert Owen provided his factory workers at New Lanark with free living and healthcare, fair wages and a new education system.
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Britain's Act of Union was the unification of the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
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Louis Napoleon III (r. 12/ 2/1852 to 1870) was elected president of the Second Republic and served in that position until he was made emperor, but after being captured during the Franco- Prussian War, he was deposed and sent to England, where he died in 1873.
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Congress held between European leaders after the fall Napoleon Bonaparte to create a balance of power in Europe.
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Louis Stanislas Xavier ruled France from 1814 to 1824 and was king during the Hunderd Days.
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The Bourbon Restoration is the period after Napoleon Bonaparte's rule when Louis XVIII was the new king of France and he was king during Napoleon's Hundred Days.
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The Concert of Europe was founded by conservative Prussia, England (United Kingdom), Austria and Russia, and its goal was to maintain power, weaken liberal ideas (revolutions and nationalism) and to maintain a balance of power.
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The Corn Laws were tariffs placed on "corn" entering the United Kingdom and were meant to keep prices high to favor farmers and represented mercantilism.
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Ricardo's "Iron Law of Wages" was a proposed law of economics that states, that wages always tend to be near the minimum wage necessary to support life.
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Frankenstein is a romantic novel written by Mary Shelley and it tells the story of Victor Frankenstein, a young scientist who creates a hideous sapient creature in an unorthodox scientific experiment.
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The Congress of Aix-La-Chapelle (10/1/1818 to 11/15/1818) was a congress held by Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and France to discuss and take action on European problems following the Napoleonic Wars.
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The Peterloo Massacre took place at St Peter's Square, Manchester, UK and was a result of cavalry charging into a crowd of protesters demanding the reform of parliamentary representation.
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The Carlsbad Decrees were measures passed by the German Confederation that put limitations on freedoms of education and press.
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Prometheus Unbound by Pecy Bysshe Shelley is a romantic drama about Greek mythological figure Prometheus, who defies the gods and gives fire to humanity, for which he is put through eternal punishment and suffering at the hands of Zeus.
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The Congress of Troppau was a conference of the Quintuple Alliance to discuss suppressing the revolution in Naples and at which the Troppau Protocol was signed.
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The Congress of Laibach (1/26/1821 to 5/12/1821) was a conference of the allied powers held in 1821 as part of the Concert of Europe, and was the decided attempt to settle international problems after the Napoleonic Wars through discussion and collective weight rather than on the battlefield.
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The Congress of Verona (10/20/1822 to 12/14/1822) was the last meeting between the Concert of Europe and it was mainly held due to the revolutionary situation in Spain.
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The Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine was created by U.S. President James Monroe and it proclaimed the U.S. protector of the Western Hemisphere by forbidding European powers from colonizing additional territories in the Americas.
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Nicholas I was the tsar of Russia during the Decembrist revolt and the revolt's goal was to end serfdom and introduce a constitutional monarchy.
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The Second French Revolution (a.k.a. July Revolution) dissolved the chamber of deputies, reduced the electorate, censorship of the press and the abdication of Charles X and the ascent of Louis-Philippe.
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The First Belgian Revolution lasted from 25 August 1830 and was when Belgium gained its independence from the Netherlands after becoming angry at how much control they had.
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It was the second French Revolution and was when King Charles X was overthrown in favor of Louis Philippe.
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Young Italy was a movement for Italian youth founded by Giuseppe Mazzini in 1831, and it was seeking for the unification of Italy.
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The Greek War for Independence was a successful war by the Greeks to win independence from the Ottoman Empire.
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Britain's Bill of 1832 or the Great Reform Act allowed more people to vote by removing some of the qualifications.
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The Zollverein was established under Prussia leadership and it allowed free- trade throughout the German states.
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The writers maintained the principles of democracy, socialism, and rationalism and were viewed as dangerous due to their progressive viewpoint,
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The People's Charter was a working-class male suffrage movement for political reform in Britain from 1838 to 1857 and it called for six reforms to make the political system more democratic.
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Flora Tristan wrote the Worker's Union because she recognized that the working class had been fighting for so long to no avail, and creating a union would bring power.
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The Irish Potato Famine was when the potato crop failed in for several successive years due to a blight and it caused about one million deaths and one million to leave the country.
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The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels is a book explaining the goals of communism and it states that the struggles between the classes is the driving force behind all historical developments.
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The French Revolution of 1848 was the overthrow of King Louis-Philippe and led to the creation of the Second French Republic.
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The Frankfurt Assembly was the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany and the goals of the assembly was to create a unified Germany that was liberal and constitutionally governed.
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June Days was an uprising staged by French workers in response to plans to close the National Workshops, created by the Second Republic in order to provide work and a source of income for the unemployed.
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On Liberty was written by John Stuart Mill and it is about how the government should become more focused on liberty and should progress just as society does.
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Risorgimento was a movement for Italian unification that led to the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.
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In Das Kapital, Karl Marx explains his theory on the capitalist system and how it will cause its own destruction.
