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A Muslim philosopher that lead the development of turning more to Aristotle's teachings than Plato's. He followed Aristotle in seeking to articulate a purely rational understanding of the world.
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The most important of the early Sufis, Persian theologian, who argued that human reason was too frail to understand the nature of Allah and the mysteries of the world
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The Saljuq Turks were a nomadic people from central Asia who invaded the Byzantine empire. They took possession of Baghdad, Syria, Palestine, and Anatolia
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Marked the high point of the Abbasid dynasty. He helped the poor and established Baghdad as the the center of commerce, crafts, banking, and industrial wealth.
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A cosmopolitan society that clashed with the Byzantine empire. Expanded the dar al-Islam
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The Umayyads ranked among the most prominent of the Meccan merchant clans, and their reputation and network of alliances helped them bring stability to the Islamic community. Their policies reflected the interests of the Arab military aristocracy.
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Muhammad and his followers went on their annual pilgrimage to Ka'ba, but attacked Mecca and conquered the city. They forces citizens to adopt Muhammad's teachings and replaced pagan shrines with mosques.
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Muhammad's move to Medina, hijra ("migration") serves as the starting point of the official Islamic calendar.
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Muhammad underwent a profound spiritual experience that transformed his life and left a deep mark on world history. He said that there was only one true deity, Allah. His relevations were compiled in the Quran.
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The prophet Muhammad came into this world of nomadic bedouin herders and merchants in Mecca