-
Plato is considered one of the greatest philosophers of all time, and many scholars consider him to be the most influential philosopher of Western culture. Moral values, according to Plato, are objective in the sense that they exist outside of subjective human conventions in a spirit-like realm. They are absolute, or everlasting, in the sense that they never change, and they are universal in the sense that they are applicable to everyone.
-
Socrates was an Athenian philosopher whose questions and beliefs ran counter to Athenian politics and culture at the time. Socrates tried to question the core beliefs that were prevalent in Greece at the time, and he urged others to do the same. He was charged with corrupting the youth and refusing to believe in the city's gods, and he was sentenced to death by poison.
-
In Arabic philosophy, he was simply known as "The First Teacher," but in the West, he was referred to as "The Philosopher." Aristotle's ethics is concerned with behaviors that are beneficial to man's benefit, not with activities that are right in and of themselves, regardless of other considerations. Aristotle sets out to determine what this good is, as well as the science that corresponds to it.
-
The word utilitarian comes from the Latin words utile bonum or utilis, which mean "useful" or "useful." The adage “Do whatever provides the greatest good for the greatest number” best explains utilitarian ethics. The theory contends that it is the effects of an action, not the motive, that determine whether or not it is right. The goodness or badness of an action is determined by its repercussions or consequences.
-
According to Thomas Hobbes, humans are essentially selfish creatures who will do anything to strengthen their status. Hobbes believed that if individuals were left to their own devices, they would act on their bad impulses; hence, they could not be trusted to make decisions on their own. Furthermore, Hobbes believed that nations, like persons, are motivated by self-interest.
-
Plutarch, an ancient Greek historian and educator, recognized that humans are highly social beings that continuously monitor and mimic their surroundings.
-
Epictetus advises us to cultivate a resilient mindset. Epictetus was a Roman slave who later became a Stoic philosopher. Slaves might be beaten or killed by their owners, and Stoic philosophers were continually in trouble with the imperial authorities, epictetus himself was eventually exiled.