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Changes in Demand - Increase of car ownership
In the 1970s the car ownership in the UK reached 11 million, this meant that people could travel of their own Accord not having to rely on public transport. Travelling within the UK like people going to campsites and theme parks became more popular. Car ownership increasing does affect public transport but not to the point of it failing, public transport is still a very common form of transport to this day even with over 36 million household owning just one car. -
Environmental Versions - Noise Pollution
In the 1970s, noise pollution emerged as a serious environmental issue. In 1974, one of the initial studies that contributed to raising awareness of the problem was conducted by the World Health Organization. The study found that noise pollution has a big impact on heart disease, hearing loss, and both. the issue of noise pollution and how it negatively impacts people and society. In many parts of the world today, noise pollution is still a significant problem. -
Product/service Innovation - introduction of Budget Airlines
The growth of low-cost airlines was a massive development for the travel industry, helped by the invention of the internet low- cost providers like Easy Jet and Ryanair, offer cheap flights to people looking to travel at a lower expense. They are able to keep their services cheap by selling directly to customers via the internet and sometimes over the phone rather than using travel agents, also by using smaller regional airports with lower landing costs. Airlines also Sell lots of holiday extras -
Environmental Versions - Widening of Motorways
The first motorway to be widened was the M1 in 1983. They widen the Motorways because they attract a high volume of traffic, and it's dangerous with the number of cars using them. However, it's not a simple cheap or straight forward process. There's a few methods used to complete this process. The most common is parallel widening because it's the least disruptive to the motorway, a new carriageway is constructed alongside the road. The most recent motorway to be widened is the M74 in 2017. -
Political & Legal Changes - Air Passenger Duty
Air passenger duty has had a significant impact on the travel industry, particularly in terms of the cost of air travel. This tax is levied on passengers departing from UK airports, and the amount varies depending on the distance travelled and the class of service. While air passenger duty helps to fund government services and infrastructure, it can also make air travel more expensive and less accessible for some travellers. -
Product/service innovation - Opening of the Channel Tunnel
The Channel Tunnel is the only fixed link between Great Britain and the European mainland, it opened on the 6th of may 1994 and became a huge development in transport. The Channel Tunnel is a 31 mile train line that runs beneath the English Channel, it connects Folkestone and Calais and only takes around 35 minutes, at the deepest point the tunnel is 75 meters below sea level. The Tunnel was extremely expensive to build and cost more than £15 billion, it changed travel for Britain and Europe. -
Changes in Demand - Customer Lifestyle
Since World War 2 customer lifestyle have become more fast pace and technology focused. People have become more focused on efficiency and convenience. The rise in budget airlines has made travelling more accessible to people of all income levels, this has lead to an increase in domestic and international travel. Social media has also changed the lifestyle because people like to document their travel and show their friends, this also advertises the places and makes more people want to go. -
Technology - Online Check-in
In 1999 Alaska Airways was the first airways to offer online check-in. Online check-in has made the travel experience more convenient and efficient for travellers. it has also helped to reduce wait times and lines in the airports. in this day in age every airline now uses online check in as an option, which just shows how helpful and efficient it can be. -
Changes in Demand - Commuting
The post-World War II era saw a significant shift in the way people commute, particularly in urban areas. With the rise of suburbanization and the development of the interstate highway system, more and more people began to rely on cars for their daily transportation needs. This trend continued throughout the latter half of the 20th century, with many cities expanding their highway systems and reducing their investment in public transportation. -
Environmental Versions - Emissions
Emissions have had a significant impact on the travel industry, particularly in recent years. As concerns about climate change have grown, there has been a growing interest in sustainable travel, with many travellers looking for ways to reduce their carbon footprint. In response, many airlines and other travel companies have begun to invest in more sustainable technologies and practices, such as using biofuels and reducing their waste. -
Political & Legal Changes - Congestion Charges
Congestion charges have had a significant impact on the travel industry, particularly in urban areas, by charging drivers to enter congested areas. At the same time, congestion charges can also make travel more expensive and less convenient for some travellers, particularly those who rely on cars or other private vehicles. Overall, congestion charges have both positive and negative impacts on travellers and travel companies. -
Political & Legal Changes - Taxes
Taxes have had a significant impact on the travel industry, particularly in terms of the cost of travel. Many countries impose taxes on airline tickets, hotel stays, and other travel-related expenses, which can make travel more expensive for consumers. At the same time, taxes can also be used to fund tourism-related services such as airports, public transportation, and cultural attractions. In some cases, taxes may also be used to promote sustainable tourism and to support local communities. -
Technology - Smart Motorways
The first smart motorway was introduced in 2006 on the M42. The opening of the hard shoulder in peak congestion times. Now Almost the whole M25 is a smart motorway and many others in the UK. There are 3 types of smart motorways dynamic hard shoulder running, this is when the hard shoulder opens are a normal lane during busy times. All lanes running, this is when the hard shoulder is used as a permanent lane. Finally controlled motorways, when the lanes are controlled by different speed limits. -
Environmental Versions - Airport Expansion
Airport expansions have had a significant impact on the travel industry, particularly in the latter half of the 20th century.
Overall, airport expansions have had both positive and negative impacts on the travel industry and local communities. As air travel continues to evolve, it will be important for cities to balance the benefits of airport expansions with the need to minimize their environmental impact and ensure that they are sustainable over the long-term -
Environmental Versions - Protest camps
Protest camps have had a significant impact on the travel industry, particularly in areas where they have been set up. In some cases, protest camps have led to travel disruptions and cancellations, particularly in areas where transportation infrastructure has been affected. Overall, protest camps can have a significant impact on the travel industry, and can lead to both short-term and long-term disruptions and challenges for travellers and travel companies. -
Political & Legal Changes - Privatisation
Privatization has had a significant impact on the travel industry. Many countries have privatized their national airlines and transportation infrastructure, leading to increased competition and lower prices for travelers. At the same time, privatization has also led to concerns about safety and security. Overall, privatization has led to both benefits and challenges for the travel industry, and has played a significant role in shaping the modern travel landscape. -
Political & Legal Changes - Planning Regulations
Planning regulations have had a significant impact on the travel industry, particularly in terms of the availability and quality of tourism-related infrastructure and services. Regulations related to zoning, building codes, and environmental protection can affect the development of hotels, resorts, and other tourism-related facilities. At the same time, planning regulations can also help to ensure that tourism development is sustainable and benefits local communities. -
Changes in Demand - Income
Income has a significant impact on the travel industry, particularly in terms of who is able to travel and where they are able to go. As incomes have risen in many parts of the world, more people have been able to afford to travel, leading to a rise in both domestic and international tourism. At the same time, income inequality has also led to disparities in travel opportunities, with some people having more access to travel than others. Since Covid the worst has been in cost of living crisis -
Bibliography
https://www.rac.co.uk/drive/advice/driving-advice/smart-motorways/
https://www.rospa.com/road-safety/advice/drivers/smart-motorways
https://www.sabre-roads.org.uk/wiki/index.php?title=Motorway_Widening
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/130660/The%20Impact%20of%20Taxes%20on%20the%20Competitiveness%20of%20European%20tourism.pdf
https://wttc.org/research/economic-impact