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Manifiesto wrote by Cánovas, where he promised a constitutional government.
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The Bourbon Restoration in Spain was made possible by two processes:
-Through the political manoeuvring of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, which helped achieve Queen Isabella II's abdication in favour of Alfonso XII.
-Through a pronunciamiento (military revolution) by General Martínez Campos, Alfonso XII was declared king. -
The Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party was founded by Pablo Iglesias and it was consolidated by the huge surge in the labour
movement during this period. -
After the death of Alfonso XII, the Restoration was maintained by the regency of Maria Christina, while her son, Alfonso XIII, was still a child.
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The Bases de Manresa were a set of proposals where the Catalan nationalism demanded official status for
the Catalan language, the establishment of Catalan
political parties and courts, and Catalan autonomy. -
Spain was forced to sign the Treaty of Paris, where they
recognised the independence of Cuba, Puerto Rico
and the Philippines. -
Alfonso XIII acceded to the throne in a political environment characterised by the crisis of Cánovas del Castillo’s political system, the influence of regenerationism and the deaths of Cánovas and Sagasta. His reign, had two stages, divided by the crisis of 1917.
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The Tragic Week of 1909 is a set off violent protests in Barcelona due to the war between Spain and the inhabitants of the Rif a war that required reservists to be called up, the majority of whom were fathers.
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Spain suffered a brutal defeat in the Rif War against Morocco, resulting in 10 000 deaths and widespread public commotion, negatively influencing public opinion.
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It was divided in two stages:
-The Military Directory (1923–1925). Primo de Rivera suspended the constitution, dissolved the Cortes, prohibited political parties, suppressed the labour movement and defeated the Moroccans after the Alhucemas landing (1925).
-The Civil Directory (1925–1930). The military victory in Morocco and
the economic boom of the 1920s helped Primo de Rivera maintain
power until 1930.
Finally in 1930, he was forced to resign. -
A provisional government was formed, made up of Republicans, socialists and nationalists who held elections for the Constituent Cortes in June 1931.
The left-wing parties won a majority and drafted a new constitution. -
A provisional government was formed, left-wing parties won a majority and drafted a new constitution in 1931.
The elections in 1933 led to a victory of the political right and centre.
The government was formed by the centrist Radical Republican Party (led by Alejandro Lerroux) and a coalition of right-wing.
parties.
Dissatisfaction among the left, led to yet another election in February 1936.
The left-wing parties, united in an electoral coalition known as the
Popular Front, won the elections. -
The new government halted the majority of the previous reforms. CEDA then demanded positions in the government. This
sparked the October Revolution of 1934, which was most intense in Asturias and Barcelona. -
The Tragic Spring of 1936, consisting of a wave of attacks and street violence between staunch falangist, communist and anarchist activists.
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The coup d’état began in Melilla, Tetuán and Ceuta on 17 July 1936.
The next day it spread throughout Spain, having success in rural
areas, yet failing in the more industrialised urban areas. The country was divided into two zones, the Republican zone and the ‘Nationalist’ zone, and the military coup turned into a long Civil War. -
By the Gernika by the German air force’s Condor Legion, the German air force enabled the insurgents to control key industrial and mining areas.
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Ending almost three years of conflict, the civil war between the republican side and the revolted side, ended with the victory of the national side with General Francisco Franco to the head.
