-
-
The Fertile Crescent (Cradle of Civilisation) is the region in the Middle East which curves, like a quarter-moon shape, from the Pursian Gulf, through modern-day souther Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel and northen Egypt.
The place is regarded asthe birthplace of agriculture, urbanization, writing, trade, science, history and organized religion. -
-
Ovens used to parch cereal grains and to bake bread.
It also allowed people to control fire and produce high temprature in enclosed facilities.
From this period, ovens help to develop pottery -
-
-
-
The city would become an important religious centre for worship of the goddesh Ishtar/Inanna (the goddes of love & war)
The first people known to live there were the Hatti.
Also Catalhoyuk was found.
This period demonstrates that people started to settle down. -
Sumer was never a country (a cohesive political entity), but a region of city-states, where each state had its own King.
They were located on the southern part.
The name Sumer comes from Akkad languages, it means "land of the civilized kings". The Sumerians referred to their region as "the land" or "the land of the black-headed people". The origin of Sumerians is unknown -
-
This period demonstrates numerous examples of man-made canals, storage basins (for dry-period irrigation), levees and dikes to defend from flooding
-
To support trade along the rivers and Red Sea (bitumen).
-
The city is thought to be created by gods who established order upon the earth with Eridu as the starting point.
The city was home to the Great god Enki/Ea who would develop from the local god of fresh water into the god of wisdom and magic. -
The Godin Tepe (hill of Godin).
The site was a Sumerian Period at that period.
It became an important stop along the Great Khorasan road trade route (the Silk Road). -
The irrogation of Agriculture is fully developed
-
The origin of the people of Ubaid Period is unknown, nor their culture.
But they probably founded the first communities which grew into the later cities and developed into city-states during the Uruk Period.
The Ubaids give the first evidence of temple and other sophisticated architecture. -
At this period the Cultivation of wheat/grains & domestication of animals had long been practiced
-
According to the Sumerian King List, it was founded by King Enmerkar.
The city is best known as the birthplace of writing as well as for its architecture and other cultural innovations.
It is also famous for its great king Gilgamesh and the epic take of his quest for immortality.
It is also considered to be the first true city in the world; and the first city to develop the cylinder seal (that was used to designate personal property or as a signature on documents. -
-
The period when Uruk became the most influential city in Mesopotamia, as it was the urban center and the hub of trade and administration.
Artificats from Uruk appear at virtually every excavated site throughout Mesopotamia and even in Egypt.
The City was divided into two sections: the Eanna District and the older Anu Disctrict (Inanna's grandpa).
The famous mask of Warka The Lady of Uruk was found there too, and considered a likeness of Inanna. -
-
-
Tepe Gwara was the site that probably was found by the Halaf culture.
The Tepe Gwara was inspired by the Ubaidian culture, and illustrates the transition from early Chalcolithic farming villages to complex settlements with mud-brick houses, stamp seals, the first metal objects, and monumental architecture. -
-
-
-
The city is one of the earliest known planned cities.
It is considered to be a trade hub, and copper and bronzeg-smelting centre. -
The Period when the rise of the kings took place.
As well as, establishment of government and bureaucracy, and conflict between Sumerian city-states for land & water rights. -
The first war between Enembaragesi of Kish, who led Sumer against Elam.
The Sumerians won and sacked the cities of Elam. -
-
The King Eannutum is the first empire in Mesopotamia
-
-
During this period, the king Eannatum would reconquer parts of Elam in 2500 BCE.
And Lugalzagesi would do the same in 2330.
But they could never fully control the SUmerian city-states. -
-
-
Sumerian language is replaced by the Akkadian as the primary spoken language in Mesopotamia.
-
The Akkadian king that reigns over Mesopotamia and thus creates the world's first empire.
Sargon means "true king". After conquering all Sumerian cities, he found the capital city of his own, Akkad; and adopts a new title "King of the Nation". -
-
-
-
Sumerians:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-