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The Byzantine Empire began as the Eastern Empire of Rome as Rome split into two kingdoms. The Byzantine Empire can be traced back to 330 A.D. The Empires Emperor was Constantine 1. The Western half of the empire fell in 476 and the Byzantines survived for a little less than 1000 years more.
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Byzantine comes from the ancient city of Byzantium, the city was founded by a man by Byzas. In 330 A.D. Emperor Constantine 1 chose Byzantium as the new Roman capital, now known as Constantinople.
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Emperor Valentinian 1 divides Rome completely into two different Empire East and West. Emperor Valentinian 1 rules the west Empire and his brother Valens rules the East Empire.
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The Byzantine Empire survived because of its geologic location. With Constantinople located on a strait, it was difficult to capture the capital. It also benefited to its government stability and its wealth. The Byzantine Empire was very wealthy compared to others of the early medieval period.
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Due to constant invasions of the Germanic soldiers, the struggling Empire in the West finally falls in 476. The barbarian Odoacer overthrew the last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustus, and Rome fell.
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During his reign Justinian 1 conquered much of the prior roman territories. Justinian 1 also built many monuments during his reign.
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The golden age was between the 10th and 11th centuries even though they ruled less land, they had more time to trade and rebuild their cities. The emperor at the time was basil.
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During the crusades there was a series of wars between the Christian's and the Muslims. The western Empire teamed with basil to conquer the Muslim army. The crusades lasted until 1291.
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The bryzantine Empire finally fell due to the invasion of the Ottoman Empire. The final emporer was Constantine XI, he died in battle that day.