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Oliver Brown filed a class-action suit against the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, in 1951, after his daughter was denied entrance to all-white elementary schools. Brown claimed that schools for Black children were not equal to white schools and that segregation violated the 14th Amendment. Justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. -
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The Department of Public Welfare of the state of Illinois brought an action against Edward C. Haas to enforce maintenance charges against his son's schooling. Haas could not afford the charges. The state constitute stated that every child has access to free and quality education. -
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The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA) was originally passed as part of the Lyndon B. Johnson administration’s War on Poverty campaign. The goal is to improve educational equity for students from lower-income families by providing federal funds to school districts serving poor students. ESEA is the single largest source of federal spending on elementary and secondary education. -
The act requires that individuals with disabilities have an active voice in choosing employment goals and meaningful careers that are consistent with their interests, strengths, resources, priorities, concerns, abilities and capabilities, and informed choice. The act also includes a set of rules focused on rights, advocacy, and protections for people with disabilities. Public Law 99-506 helped the Rehabilitation Act to refine and focus services offered to those with the most severe disabilities. -
Title IX of the Civil Rights Act was signed into law on June 23, 1972 by President Richard M. Nixon. This act prohibited discrimination on the basis of sex in educational institutions receiving federal aid. It also allows termination of financial assistance when an institution does not voluntarily comply. -
This act required all public schools accepting federal funds to provide equal access to education for children between ages 3 and 21 with physical and mental disabilities. Public schools were required to evaluate children with disabilities and create an educational plan with parent input that would emulate as closely as possible the educational experience of non-disabled students. It is now called the Individual with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA). -
The act increased the role of the federal government in guaranteeing the quality of public education for all children in the United States. It emphasized on increased funding for poor school districts, higher achievement for poor and minority students, and new measures to hold schools accountable for their students' progress. It also expanded the role of standardized testing in American public education, requiring that students in grades 3 through 8 be tested every year in reading and math. -
The Every Student Succeeds Act is an updated act of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. Although ESSA retained the annual standardized testing requirements from NCLB, the law moved the federal accountability aspect to the States. The State, in turn, still submit an accountability plan to the Education Department, however ESSA allows for local educational agencies may apply for subgrants for local accountability plans.
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