History of Special Education and Inclusive Education Module 1

PARC vs Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

1971

The case where the Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Citizens (PARC) sued the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania over a law that allowed schools to deny kids with intellectual disability access to free education. As a result, the Pennsylvania law was overturned, and the state agreed to give free education to children who have an intellectual disability.

Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia

1972

This case involved seven kids with special needs who were being denied their right to education. The parents of the children retaliated against the district, and their lawsuit expressed the district was violating their fourteenth amendment right. Thus, the court favored the students and increased the rights to special education for all kids with disabilities.

EAHCA (P.L. 91-142, Part B)

1975

The Education for All Handicapped Children Act, also known as Public Law 94-142, is a federal law made in 1975. The EAHCA makes sure that schools produce educational services suitable for kids who have disabilities for ages 3 to 21. Over the years, the EAHCA has been extended and grown. Currently, it is called the Individual with Disabilities Education Improvement Act; the abbreviated term is IDEA.

IEP

1975

The IEP is an abbreviation for the Individualized Education Plan. It is a plan that programs and helps a child that has a disability to make progress and succeed in school. Also, it is made to guarantee that the student with an intellectual disability receives the necessary instruction and related services when attending the school.
For more information, below is a link concerning the IEP:
History of the IEP

Honig v. Doe

1988

Honig v. Doe was a case that involved two disabled students, one of them being "John Doe," in the San Francisco Unified School District. He was an emotionally disturbed teenager and had a hard time controlling his anger and impulses. As a result, he was expelled from the school he was in for lashing out at his classmate. However, on January 20, 1988, the U.S. Supreme Court conducted that the California school had infringed the EAHCA for expelling a student due to his disability.

IDEA (P.L. 101-476)

1990

IDEA stands for the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act which was originally called EAHCA of 1975. As stated previously in the EAHCA, IDEA ensured that federal dollars given to the schools or districts provide the necessary materials for children with disabilities to succeed and prosper in school. Part B of the law offers ages 3 to 21 special education or related services. Part C law provides infants to toddlers up to 2 years old early intervention problems.

Sacramento City School District v. Rachel H

1994

This case involves a young girl with an intellectual disability whose parents want her to be put in a general education classroom rather than a special one. Although the District denied their request and offered her to be sent to a school for special education, her parents filed for due process. As a result, the hearing officer ruled in Rachel's favor and required the District to put her in a regular classroom.

NCLB

2001

President George W. Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act in 2002, and it was in effect from 2002 to 2015. This law applied to all public schools in the United States of America from K-12. NCLB held schools liable for how the students learn and if they are succeeding in their studies. They did this through annual testings, improvement targets, and reporting.
For more information, below is a link to a short video:
[NCLB summarized](www.youtube.com/watch?v=0--2nhsDorg.)