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"Plato suggested that the brain is the mechanism of mental processes." (All Psych, 2018)
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"Aristotle suggested that the heart is the mechanism of mental processes." (All Psych, 2018)
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Al-Kindi
-Standardization of Math and science.
Auicenna
-Evidence based medicine.
-Mind body Dualism. -
-The Renaissance happened because of the fall of the Catholic church.
-The invention of the printing press. -
Question Everything.
Rationalism-
-Human senses lie to ones self. -
John Locke
-Says that only real knowledge comes from direct sensory experience.
-At birth brains are empty.
-Start of Behavioral Psychology. -
"Franz Mesmer detailed his cure for some mental illness, originally called mesmerism and now known as hypnosis." (All Psych, 2018)
-Accidentally discovered social cognition and social facilitation.
-Accidentally discovered the Placebo Effect. -
"Philippe Pinel released the first mental patients from confinement in the first massive movement for more humane treatment of the mentally ill." (All Psych, 2018)
-He treated people like humans should be treated. -
"Franz Gall wrote about phrenology (the idea that a person’s skull shape and placement of bumps on the head can reveal personality traits." (All Psych, 2018)
-Different parts of the brain control different parts of the body.
-Every part of the brain works individually. -
"Ernst Heinrich Weber published his perception theory of ‘Just Noticeable DIfference,’ now known as Weber’s Law." (All Psych, 2018)
-He discovered inhibition in the nervous system.
-Discovered Psychophysics of touch.
-Two point test. -
"Charles Darwin published the On the Origin of Species, detailing his view of evolution and expanding on the theory of ‘Survival of the fittest." (All Psych, 2018)
-An explanation for how adaptation took place. -
"French physician Paul Broca discovered an area in the left frontal lobe that plays a key role in language development." (All Psych, 2018)
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"Sir Francis Galton, Influenced by Charles Darwin’s ‘Origin of the Species,’ publishes ‘Hereditary Genius,’ and argues that intellectual abilities are biological in nature." (All Psych, 2018)
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"Carl Wernicke published his work on the frontal lobe, detailing that damage to a specific area damages the ability to understand or produce language." (All Psych, 2018)
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"G. Stanley Hall received the first American Ph.D. in psychology. He later founded the American Psychological Association." (All Psych, 2018)
-He brought Freud and Jung to the United States.
This brought psychoanalysis to the United States.
-Fan of evolution and the cause of behavior. -
"Wilhelm Wundt founded the first formal laboratory of Psychology at the University of Leipzig, marking the formal beginning of the study of human emotions, behaviors, and cognitions." (All Psych, 2018)
-Wundt established the first psychology research journal.
-Wrote a book on the psychology of people, "Volkerpsychologie" -
-First experimental psychology lab in America.
-He wanted to understand mental processes.
Structuralism
-What: Identify simple Irreducible elements of the mental process.
-How: The elements combined to create mental experiences.
-Why: Causal factors for mental experiences. -
"The first laboratory of psychology in America is established at Johns Hopkins University" (All Psych, 2018).
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"Sigmund Freud began performing therapy in Vienna, marking the beginning of personality theory" (All Psych, 2018).
-Freud Opened his first clinic in 1886.
-Focused on the unconscious mind.
-Used hypnosis, free association, dream interpretation
-Believed these where all windows to the unconscious mind.
-The Structure of Personality
-ID
-EGO
-Superego -
"The term “Mental Tests” was coined by James Cattell, beginning the specialization in psychology now known as psychological assessment" (All Psych, 2018).
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"Sir Francis Galton developed the technique known as the correlation to better understand the interrelationships in his intelligence studies" (All Psych, 2018).
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"William James published ‘Principles of Psychology,’ that later became the foundation for functionalism" (All Psych, 2018).
-The Chicago School of Psychology -
"Foundation of the American Psychological Association (APA) headed by G. Stanley Hall, with an initial membership of 42" (All Psych, 2018).
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"Sigmund Freud published ‘Interpretation of Dreams’ marking the beginning of Psychoanalytic Thought" (All Psych, 2018).
-Reveal context of unconscious to the conscious mind.
-consciou mind can control again. -
"Alfred Binet’s Intelligence Test was published in France" (All Psych, 2018).
-He was interested in the development of a childs mind. -
"Ivan Pavlov published the first studies on Classical Conditioning" (All Psych, 2018).
-Before accidentally discovering classical conditioning, he was studying salivas role in digestion. -
"William Stern developed the original formula for the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) after studying the scores on Binet’s intelligence test" (All Psych, 2018).
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"Max Wertheimer published research on the perception of movement, marking the beginnings of Gestalt Psychology" (All Psych, 2018).
-Meaningful experiences are not always the result of the mechanical laws of association
-The context of the observer or "frame of reference" is critical. -
"John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner published the Little Albert experiments, demonstrating that fear could be classically conditioned" (All Psych, 2018).
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"John E. Watson published ‘Psychology as a Behaviorist Views It’ marking the beginnings of Behavioral Psychology" (All Psych, 2018).
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-He wanted to predict and control behavior.
-Limited their studies to observing behavior and to ignore the "black box" of the mind -
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Operant Conditioning
-Changes in voluntary behavior based on Consequences -
"Carl Rogers published ‘Counseling and Psychotherapy’ suggesting that respect and a non-judgmental approach to therapy is the foundation for effective treatment of mental health issues" (All Psych, 2018).
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Abraham Maslow
-Self-actualization
-The self
-Free wIll
-Rational Conscious decisions
-Hyierarchy of needs -
-Many soldiers coming back from world war two had shell shock or PTSD
-There was a big need to help these people. -
Skinner Box
-A mouse would hit a button and get food. -
"The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) was published by The American Psychiatric Association marking the beginning of modern mental illness classification" (All Psych, 2018).
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-Came from gestalt psychology.
-Shift towards specialization
-Studied mental process like memory, problem-solving, attention, and language -
-No direct reinforcement.
-Learn by watching others.
-Latent learning. -
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See the human brain while the person is still alive.
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