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The Dead Sea Scrolls noted the division of human nature into two temperaments
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Rufus of Ephesus believed that the nervous system was instrumental in voluntary movement and sensation. He discovered the optic chiasma by anatomical studies of the brain. He stressed taking a history of both physical and mental disorders. He gave a detailed account of melancholia, and was quoted by Galen
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Galen proposed that people's moods were determined by the balance among four bodily substances
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St. Augustine of Hippo published Confessions, which anticipated Freud by near-discovery of the subconscious.[8] Augustine's most complete account of the soul is in De Quantitate Animae (The Greatness of the Soul). The work assumes a Platonic model of the soul
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Caelius Aurelianus opposed harsh methods of handling the insane, and advocated humane treatment
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The first psychiatric hospital was built by Muslims in Baghdad, followed by Cairo in 800, and Damascus in 1270
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Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari developed the idea of using clinical psychiatry to treat mentally ill patients
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Maimonides wrote about neuropsychiatric disorders, and described rabies and belladonna intoxication
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English authorities regarded mental illness as demonic possession, treating it with exorcism and torture.
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Scholastic philosopher Rudolph Goclenius coined the term "psychology"; though usually regarded as the origin of the term, there is evidence that it was used at least six decades earlier by Marko Marulić.
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Benjamin Rush became one of the earliest advocates of humane treatment for the mentally ill with the publication of Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon Diseases of the Mind, the first American textbook on psychiatry.
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Wilhelm Wundt opened the first experimental psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany
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Sigmund Freud began private practice in Vienna.
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Sigmund Freud founded the International Psychoanalytical Association, with Carl Jung as the first president, and Otto Rank as the first secretary.
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Clark L. Hull published Hypnosis and Suggestibility, proving that hypnosis is not sleep and founding the modern study of hypnosis
