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The great innovation in music during the Medieval Period was notation. Monks would notate the masses that were to be used during church. Notation opened the door for composers as well, such as Hildegard of Bingen and Guido of Arezzo. Secular music was also popular with groups such as the Troubadours and the Trobairitz. Polyphony was also introduced during this period allowing for more complex music to be composed. Other composers that mark this period include Machaut and Francesco Landini.
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Innovated the 4-Line Staff. Guido of Arezzo is also famous for developing the "Guidonian Hand" to help assist performers.
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Composed many popular pieces during her life including "O viridissima virga." She would write poetry about science and healing, then compose her own melodies to sing the poems to. She calimed to have visions that were authenticated by the Pope.
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Innovated time and prolation.
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The Renaissance Period is when music many major steps towards the modern music we know today. Theories at the time were adjusted to include thirds and sixths. SATB format became much more common place. Music began to be printed and sold as a commodity. Composers also began composing for amateur's. Instrumental music during this time surged in popularity as well. Notable composers of this period include Josquin, Arcadelt, Gesualdo, Gabrielli, Palestrina, and Victoria.
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This piece is often described as the "mona lisa" of renaissance music.
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Martin Luther's most famous chorale, this piece became an anthem of the Protestant Reformation.
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According to legend, Palestrina dedicated this piece to the Pope to demostrate that sacred words could be intelligible in polyphonic music with six voices.
Innovated: The Palestrina Counterpoint, along with rules for dissonance such as resolving dissonance on strong beats, allowing dissonance between beats if the moving voice is doing so in stepwise fashion or as a suspension, and most leaps are followed by stepwise motion in the opposite direction resulting in a "Palestrina Arch." -
A parody mass based on his own motet "O magnum mysterium."
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Written at St Mark's Basilica.
First piece to notate specific instruments as well as the first to notate specific dynamics. -
"Baroque" (bizarre, complicated, over done, etc. Italian became the language of tempi, dynamics, etc. Widespread Experimentation in music began. New Music was either free or metric; often the two were contrasted. Idiomatic Writing. New Genres (Sonata, Aria, Concerto, etc.) Tonality/Harmony - Major/Minor Tonality. Terraced Dynamics - Dramatic contrast.
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First opera to enter the standard repertory.
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Culmination of 3 trends. Public concerts gradually spread to the Continent: Paris in 1725, German cities by the 1740s. Birth of Modern Concert Life (Consumer Culture).
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Organist, Violinist and Violist. Held positions in Weimar, Cothen, and Leipzig. Never distinguished between sacred and secular. A lot of his music was meant for instructional purposes. Often had to compose at night, and a lot of his music was copied by his wives. Bach's Signature in his music.
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Concerto Ritornello Form. Published by Etienne Roger in Amsterdam.
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Became basis for teaching functional harmony. 5 Innovations.
Triad and 7th chords
Defined root of the chord, and inversions
Used phrases tonic, dominant, and subdominant
Established V7 to I as primary cadence
Created fundamental bass line -
Contained all 24 major and minor keys. Equal Temperament.
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No formal training. Esterhaza Palace Job Duties: Composer whatever prince wanted, conduct all performances, train personnel, repair instruments, 2 operas and 2 long concerts a week, wear a servants uniform and use servant entrance. Built orchestra from 10 to 25 members. Hoboken. Works: Joke Quartet, 106 Symphonies, etc.
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3 Parts. Hallelujah Chorus; end of part 2, based on revelations, not alleluia.
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Toured as a child from 1762-1774. Had a job in Salzburg but left to become the first to freelance in Vienna. Over 600 Compositions. Sonata Allegro Form. Works: Die Zauberflote, 23 String Quartets, 41 Symphonies (Symphony No. 40).
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Clarity. Balance or Symmetry. Restraint: Restrained emotion. Not too far one way or another. Why Vienna? Bridge between East and West, Center of Western world at the time, good economics.
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One of the finest orchestras in Europe. One of France's best composers, conductors, and violinists. "Le Mozart noir".
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Libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte. Based on legend of Don Juan. Subtitled "The Dissolute Man Punished". Dramma giocoso. Set in Seville, Spain. Sung in Italian.
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2nd mvt: Theme and Variations. 4 Variations and Coda.
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First to add trombones to orchestra.
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The first song he attempted to have published.
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Departure from current stylistic norm.
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Based on traditional Polish dance.
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One of the first programmatic symphonies. Inspired by his obsession with Harriett Smithson. Idee fixe.
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Character Pieces, twelve months plus a postlude. Based on the year she spent in Rome with her husband.
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Considered to be the first step towards rags and jazz. Theme and Variations.
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Cycle of 4 Music Dramas, Hojotoho! (Ride of the Valkyries)
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Simplified orchestra down.
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First piece of sheet piece music to sell over a million.
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Finland nationalism due to pressure from Russia and other countries.
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Used Whole Tone Scale
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21 songs taken from a poetic cycle by Albert Giraud, Sprechstimme
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Primitivism, terrible premiere.
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12 Tone Technique
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Armstrong invented scat singing.
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Influenced Jazz improvisation and composers.
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"A Soviet artist's response to just criticism", made it exactly how the those in charged wanted it after being heavily criticized and blacklisted due by Stalin.
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Cantata adapted from film music in 1939
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Written while he was in a POW camp during WW2, written for piano, clarinet, cello, and violin.
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Based off of "I Got Rhythm"
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Commissioned by Serge Koussevitsky, Title derived from treatment of instruments in soloistic (concertant) manner.
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"Ballet for Martha", Pulitzer Prize in 1945, Originally composed for an ensemble of 13 instruments.
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Instructs performers not to play their instruments for the whole piece.
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1958 Brussels Exposition, Philips Pavilion
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Modal Jazz, "So What", started the trend of fading out at the end of a song.
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Based on texts by Spanish Poet Federico Garcia Lorca, Cycle of 5 songs with 2 instrumental interludes, Scored for: Soprano, Boy Soprano, Harmonica, Harp, Toy, Piano
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Very consonant, utilizes ostinatos and repeated chords.