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After the Idustrial Revolution, managers tried to find better ways to satisfy customers needs. Breakthroughs in technologies involving production and developments of larger factories changed conditions for workers. Managers needed to find ways to deal with social problems, manage recourses and increase efficiency. pg 38
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Fredrick W. Taylor develops the theory of scientific managment. His techniques increased efficiency by redesigning the work process though the incorporation of specialization and division of labor.
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The administrative managment theory focused on organizational structure and control systems to increase efficiency and effectiveness. pg 45
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Weber develops a bureaucratical system of administration to help manage growing industrial enterprises. This system used authority, rules, standard operating procedures, and norms. pg 45-46
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Henri Fayol identifies 14 principals essential to increasing effciency of the managment process. These principals included: division of labor, authority and responsibility, unity of command, line of authority, centralization, unity of direction, equity, order, initiative, disapline, remuneration of personnel, stability of tenure of personnel, subordination of individual interests to the common interest and esprit de corps. pgs 46-49
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Fredrick W. Taylor founds scientific management. This focuses on the study of relations between people and tasks.
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Mary Parker Follett studied how managers should motivate employees to perform well and achieve goals. She focused on the ways managers should behave toward workers and the human side of organization. pg 51
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The first minimum wage act passed in 1912 requires businesses to pay minimum wage with no ecceptions to children or slow workers.
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Researchers at Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company studied the effects of lighting and rest periods on productivity. Tey found that workers' attitudes towards their managers affected the level of performance. This led researchers to focus on managers' behavior an leadership. pg 52
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The Norris-Laguardia Act prevents employers from forcing job applicants to promise never to join a union in exchange for employment.
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The Wagner Act gave employees the right to form and join unions.
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Dave Packard and Bill Hewlett establish a people oriented approach to management. This was based on positive assumtions of workers and giving oppurtunities of self-direction to workers. pg 64
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The fair labor act bands oppressive child labor. It sets minimum wage to 25 cents an hour and maximum hours a week to 44.
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After World War II, several workers in California went on strike to try to get wage increases.
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Developed by Douglas McGregor. X theory assumes workers are lazy and require close supervision. Y theory assumes workers are willing to do good for the company and should be encouraged and given oppurtunities.
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The occupational Saftey and Health Act enforces a safe and healthy workplace.
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Written by Richard Nelson and Sidney Winter, "An Evoultionary Theory of Economic Change" explained the importance of routines in the workplace.
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The Civil Rights Act makes discrimination of race, color, religion, and nationality of potential employees illegal.
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The Medical Leave Act of 1993 requires employers to give 12 weeks of unpaid leave for workers who need time off for medical or family reasons.