-
Scientific Management
Frederick W,Taylor defined the techniques of Scientific Management Theory. The theory was designed to increase efficiency through modifying the work process learned from studying the relationships between people and their tasks. (Jones & George pg.39, 2013) -
The Gilbreths
Prominent followers of F.W. Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth refined the Scientific Management Theory to a time and motion study as well as studies that indicated how physical characteristics of the workplace contributed to job stress, worker fatigue, and poor performance. The Gilbreth's, "isolated factors that result in worker fatigue, such as lighting, heating, the color of walls and the design of tools and machines"
(Jones & George pg.42, 2013) -
Period: to
History of Management
-
The Theory of Bureaucracy
Developed by Max Weber in the beginning of the 1900s, the theory of bureaucracy is a "formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficientcy and effectiveness" (Jones & George, pg 45 2013) -
Administrative Managment
Administrative management was to make an organizational structure and control system that would maximize effectiveness and efficiency. Organizational structure is the authoritative relationships that control how employees use resources to achieve organizational goals. Max Weber and Henry Fayol were two of the most important mindsets of Administrative Management. (Jones & George, pg 45, 2013). -
Fayol's Principles of Management
Henry Fayol branded 14 principles that he thought would increase the efficiency of management. These principles include the division of labor, authority and responsibility, unity of command, line of authority, centralization, unity of direction, equity, order, intiative, discipline, rewarding of personnel, stability of tenure of personnel, subordination of individual interests to the common interest, and esprit de corps ). (Jones & George, pg 47 2013) -
Behavioral Managment Theory
Mary Parker Follett- "The mother of Management" Argued that because workers know most about their jobs, they should be involved in job analysis and managagers should involve them in the work development process. "The study of how managers should behave to motivate employees and encourage them to perform at high levels and be commmitted to the achievement of organizational goals" (Jones and George 2013 pg. 51). -
Fordism
Henry Ford's manufacturing plants began experiencing extremely high worker turnover rates as high as 400% a year due to the labor and high stress of their work. To combat this Ford shortened the work day from 9 to 8 hours and dubled the basic wage. This approach made Ford famous thus the term "Fordism" (Jones & George, pg. 42, 2013). -
Hawthorne Studies
the Hawthorne studies were conducted in 1924 by a team led by Elton Mayo at the Western Electric Cicero, Illinois plant. These studies are credit with beginning the entire field of industrial or organizational psychology.
(Applied Sport Psychology Personal Growth to Peak Performance, Jean Williams, 6th Ed.) -
Management Science Theory
management Science Theory is a contemporary approach to management that focuses on the use of rigorous quantitative techniques to help managers make maximum use of organizational resources to produce goods and services.
(Jones & George pg 55, 2013) -
Organizational Environment Theory
Organizational Environmant Theory is the set of forces and conditions that operate beyond an organization's boundaries but affect a manger's ability to aquire and utilize resources.
(Jones & George pg.56 2013) -
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GATT was a treaty made to remove the barriers so trade between countries of goods, services and capital would become more free flowing. According to its preamble, the purpose of the GATT is the "substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis."(Jones & George, pg. 181, 2013) -
SOCIO-TECHNICAL SYSTEMS
The socio-technical approach was developed as a radical alternative to Fredrick Taylor's concept of scientific management, which attempted to improve productivity through psycho-social means. Taylor's ideas appeared to work and so his stick-and-carrot psychology had enormous influence among management at that time, and still does.SOCIO-TECHNICAL SYSTEMS. (n.d.). Socio-technical Systems. Retrieved October 23, 2013, from http://www.argospress.com/Resources/team-building/socitechnisistem.htm -
Organization Development
In the 1960's a new integrated approach originated known as the organizational development. The idea looked at many different aspects in the work place, starting with group, then going to intergroup, and ending with total organization to bring about a planned change.
("A Timeline of Management." Scribd. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Oct. 2013) -
Contingency Theory
The Contingency Theory is the idea that there is no one best way to organize. The organizational structures and the control systems that managers choose depend on characteristics of the external environment in which the organization operates.
(Jones & George pg 57-58, 2013) -
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory X is the idea that an average worker is lazy and dislkes work, while doing little as possible. Additionally, this worker has little ambition and wishes to avoid responsibility. Theory Y states that the average worker works hard, likes to go to work, and will do whats in the best interest of the company.
(D. Mcgregor, The Human side of Enterprise) -
Open-Systems View
Developed in the 1960's by Daniel Katz, Robert Kahm, and James Thompson the open-systems is a view of organizations where they take resources from the outside environment, make them into goods and services, send them back to the environment to be sold to customers. This is considered to be one of the most powerful views of the effect of the external environment on organizations. There is also the closed-system which is not affected by the external environment. (Jones & George pg 56, 2013). -
Equal Pay Act
This act requires that men and women be paid equally when they have the same qualifications and perform the same work. (Jones & George, pg 137 2013). -
Civil Rights Act
On July 2nd 1964 Title VII of the Civil rights act was passed. This stated that when making employment decisions, such as hiring, firing, raises, promotions, and working environment, managers can not discriminate based on gender, race, religion, color, or national origin. (Jones & George, pg. 137, 2013). -
Age Discrimination in Employment Act
This act was enacted to ban discrimination against workers who were over 40 years old inhibiting mandatory retirement. (Jones & George, pg 136 2013). -
Pregnancy Discrimination Act
This act prohibits managers from making decisions based on discrimination against women due to pregnancy, childbirth, or other related medical decisions. (Jones & George, pg 137, 2013). -
Americans with Disabilities Act
This act was put into place so employers can't discriminate against people with disabilities in hiring, firing, raises, and other decisions and it requires employers to create an environment where disabled workers can be productive . (Jones & George, Pg 137, 2013). -
Family and Medical Leave Act
The FMLA was enacted to require employers to give unpaid leave of 12 weeks for family and medical reasons, such as illness, paternity leave and sick family members. (http://www.dol.gov/whd/fmla/) -
North American Free Trade Agreement
NAFTA was established in 1994 with the goal to remove the tariffs of almost all the goods that are traded between the United States, Mexico, and Canada by 2004. This didn't happen, but it was successful in removing many of the barriers and opened up a flow of resources. Many companies now sell products produced in Mexico. There are also many companies that have moved into expanding their stores into Canada and Mexico, and vice versa. (Jones & George, pg 177, 2013). -
World Trade Organization
The WTO is the revised replacement of the GATT. The WTO has authority to give penalties and punish countries that break global agreements. GATT and the WTO have drastically decreased tariff barriers since 1948 and thus greatly increasing world trade. (Jones & George, pg 181 2013). -
Central American Free Trade Agreement
CAFTA was formed in 2005 to remove tariffs between all the countries in Central America and the United States. By 2006, 5 of the countries had accepted the agreement. Costa Rica has still not accepted the agreement. The development of CAFTA is paving the way to establishing the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), which would establish free-trade between all the countries of the Americas, except for Cuba.
(Jones & George, pg 183, 2013).
